464 RECENT BRACHIOPODA chap. 



first, the author mentions three more species of Brachiopods. 

 Towards the end of the same century, Martin Lister of Oxford, 

 in his Historia sive Synopsis methodica Conchyliorum which 

 appeared in parts, described and figured a considerable number 

 of Brachiopods, which, under the name of Anomia, were until 

 the present century regarded as Molluscs, and placed in the sub- 

 division Pelecypoda (Lamellibranchiata). 



The first satisfactory figure and description of a Terehratula 

 were published in the year 1766, in Pallas' Miscellanea Zoologica^ 

 still under the name Anonfiia. In 1781 O. F. MUller figured a 

 Crania^ under the name Patella anomala^ the generic name 

 being subsequently altered by Cuvier into Orhieula. 



Bruguidre in the year 1789 was the first to recognise the 

 relationship between Lingula and the other Brachiopods. He 

 for the first time saw the stalk of this genus, and compared it 

 with that of the stalked Barnacles, a class of animals which has 

 been more than once associated with our group. 



Cuvier in his Memoir e sur V Anatomie de la Lingule^ 1797, 

 gave the first account of the internal anatomy of a Brachiopod. 

 The same naturalist first described the nephridia, although his 

 mistake in considering them lateral hearts was not rectified until 

 the middle of the present century, when Huxley pointed out that 

 these structures serve as excretory ducts for the genital products. 



Dum^ril in 1807 proposed the somewhat unfortunate name 

 of Brachiopoda; and although efforts have been made by de 

 Blainville, who suggested Palliobranchiata, and more recently 

 by Haeckel, who proposed Spirobranchiata, to arrive at a name 

 which would be both grammatically and physiologically more 

 correct, the older name has maintained its position, and is now 

 universally in use. 



In 1834 and 1835 Professor Owen published the results of 

 his researches into the anatomy of the Brachiopoda. He investi- 

 gated in these years the structure of Waldheimia flavescens^ of a 

 species of Lingula and of a Discina^ called by him Orhieula. He 

 regarded the group as midway between the Pelecypoda and the 

 Ascidians. The structure of Lingula was further investigated 

 by Carl Vogt, who in 1851 also supported the view that the 

 Brachiopoda were related to the Mollusca. But already in 1847 

 and 1848 Steenstrup had thrown doubts upon this relationsliip, 

 and had maintained that the Order was more closelv related 



