part 1] ANIS'IYERSAUY ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT. Ivii 



No generalizations or correlations were stated in the Girvan 

 paper ; they Avere reserved for that on the Ballantrae rocks 

 published in the ' Geological Magazine ' in 1889, In this paper 

 correlation Avas effected with other British and foreign areas, and 

 elaborate and beautifully-executed sections were designed to bring- 

 out the variations in thickness of the rocks and the tectonic nature 

 of the whole Upland area, the main features of Avhich were found 

 to be an endocline and a corresponding exocline, the deceptive nature 

 of which had led to the previous misconceptions as to the structure 

 of the Uplands. It was thus demonstrated that the region of the 

 Southern Uplands was one of intensely-complicated Alpine struc- 

 ture, to which it was folly to apply the rules and methods of low- 

 land stratigraphy. The only possible method of unravelling the 

 complication was shown to be elaborate mapping, both lithological 

 and paheontological, on a large scale. The reward of such work 

 Avas the revelation, both of the physical conditions under Avhich 

 the rocks Avere formed, and of the succession of life Avhich 

 accompanied their deposition, by means of which it Avas noAV 

 becoming possible to zone the Lower Paheozoic rocks just as those 

 of Neozoic age had been zoned. 



It still I'emained to be proved that the zones of the older 

 Palaeozoic rocks had the same wide extent and the same 

 reliability as those of newer rocks, and this task had been 

 simultaneously taken in hand. Paper after paper e^"inced the 

 interest taken by Lapworth in the structure, life-history, and 

 distribution of the graptolites. After clearing up the classification 

 and describing many ncAV species, he published his paper on ' The 

 Geological Distribution of the Phabdophora,' in which he dis- 

 cussed the geological and geographical distribution of families, 

 genera, and species, illustrating the subject with numerous and 

 elaborate tables, all leading up to the establishment of tAventy 

 graptolitic zones, the extension of some of Avhich he Avas able 

 to trace, in the same order, not only OA'-er the United Kingdom, 

 but throughout Europe, and even into America and Australia. 



Tliis Avork finds a fitting sequel in the ' Monograph of British 

 Graptolites ' written under Lapw^orth's editorship by Miss G. L. 

 Elles & Miss E. M. P. Wood (Dame Ethel Shakespear), in which it 

 Avas sliOAvn that the range from the Upper Cambrian to the LudloAv 

 rocks is divisible into thirty-six graptolitic zones. In an interesting- 

 paper on the life of the graptolite it Avas pointed out that the 

 value of this organism for the subdivision of strata, and for 



