﻿bufo. 
  235 
  

  

  convex 
  than 
  in 
  B. 
  vulgaris 
  and 
  a 
  little 
  deeper 
  than 
  the 
  

   lower; 
  the 
  depth 
  of 
  the 
  muscular 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  tail 
  

   abont 
  half 
  the 
  greatest 
  total 
  depth. 
  

  

  Brown 
  or 
  greyish-olive 
  above, 
  uniform 
  or 
  with 
  

   small 
  darker 
  spots 
  ; 
  belly 
  greyish-white 
  ; 
  caudal 
  crests 
  

   greyish-white, 
  with 
  or 
  without 
  small 
  brown 
  spots 
  or 
  

   dots. 
  

  

  Total 
  length 
  44 
  mm. 
  ; 
  body 
  18 
  mm. 
  ; 
  width 
  of 
  body 
  

   13 
  mm.; 
  tail 
  26 
  mm. 
  ; 
  depth 
  of 
  tail 
  9 
  mm. 
  

  

  Habitat. 
  — 
  This 
  species 
  has 
  a 
  very 
  wide 
  geographical 
  

   range, 
  but 
  is 
  absent 
  from 
  Western 
  Europe. 
  It 
  

   inhabits 
  the 
  whole 
  of 
  Central 
  and 
  Southern 
  Europe 
  

   as 
  far 
  west 
  as 
  the 
  Rhine 
  (from 
  Elberfeld 
  to 
  Mayence) 
  

   and 
  the 
  Alps, 
  the 
  Balearic 
  and 
  other 
  islands 
  of 
  the 
  

   Mediterranean, 
  North 
  Africa 
  from 
  Morocco 
  to 
  Lower 
  

   Egypt, 
  and 
  South-western 
  and 
  Central 
  Asia 
  as 
  far 
  

   east 
  as 
  Mongolia,* 
  Eastern 
  Turkestan, 
  Afghanistan, 
  

   and 
  the 
  Himalayas. 
  In 
  Europe 
  it 
  is 
  found 
  in 
  Southern 
  

   Sweden, 
  Gothland, 
  Denmark, 
  Russia, 
  Germany, 
  with 
  

   exception 
  of 
  the 
  north-west 
  and 
  extreme 
  south-west, 
  

   Austria 
  - 
  Hungary, 
  and 
  all 
  the 
  countries 
  east 
  of 
  

   the 
  Adriatic, 
  Switzerland 
  south 
  of 
  the 
  Alps, 
  the 
  Alps 
  

   of 
  Savoy 
  near 
  the 
  Italian 
  frontier, 
  and 
  all 
  over 
  Italy. 
  

   It 
  reaches 
  an 
  altitude 
  of 
  nearly 
  6500 
  feet 
  in 
  Savoy, 
  

   and 
  ascends 
  to 
  15,000 
  feet 
  in 
  the 
  Himalaya, 
  the 
  highest 
  

   point 
  at 
  which 
  a 
  Batrachian 
  has 
  yet 
  been 
  observed. 
  

  

  A 
  female 
  specimen 
  from 
  Turin, 
  received 
  from 
  Count 
  

   Peracca, 
  is 
  figured 
  on 
  PI. 
  XI. 
  Variations 
  in 
  the 
  

   markings 
  are 
  represented 
  on 
  PI. 
  XII; 
  figs. 
  1 
  — 
  3, 
  

   from 
  Cyprus 
  ; 
  fig. 
  4, 
  from 
  Casablanca, 
  Morocco 
  ; 
  and 
  

   fig. 
  5, 
  from 
  between 
  Quetta 
  and 
  Xushki, 
  Baluchistan. 
  

  

  * 
  There 
  is 
  also 
  an 
  indication 
  of 
  this 
  toad 
  in 
  Manchuria 
  {Bufo 
  

   variabilis, 
  var. 
  amurensis, 
  Maack, 
  ' 
  Voy. 
  Amour,' 
  p. 
  153, 
  1859), 
  which 
  I 
  

   suspect 
  to 
  be 
  based 
  on 
  a 
  confusion 
  with 
  Bufo 
  racldii, 
  Strauch. 
  

  

  