﻿118 The Philippine Journal of Science 1914 



as well. The manufacture of bricks constitutes an industry 

 of scarcely any importance. 



Linings for wells are made mostly by men, owing probably 

 to the fact that they are comparatively large pieces and require 

 some strength to manipulate. They are frequently made to 

 order, in which case their size, of course, depends on the diameter 

 of the wells for which they are intended. They are not cast 

 in molds, but are built up by hand in the open air by adding 

 one layer of wet clay to another. They are then left to dry 

 in the sun, after which they are covered, out of doors, with rice 

 straw and other combustibles which are fired. Before the 

 firing, they are commonly smeared with a mixture of red 

 earth and water which gives them a uniform bright red color. 

 These linings are usually about 30 centimeters in height. They 

 are superimposed one upon another in wells, the top one project- 

 ing above the well mouth and serving to keep dirt from falling in. 



For making pipes and cigar holders, clay is dug, dried, 

 pulverized, and sifted. The clay is then mixed with considerable 

 water, and is left to stand. After a good deal of sediment 

 has settled at the bottom, the water is drawn off and left to 

 stand in another vessel. The sediment which sinks to the bottom 

 of this second vessel is necessarily the finer part of the original 

 clay. 



The tools used in making pipes and cigar holders consist 

 of a knife, a few small pieces of bamboo, and one or two 

 slender metal rods (Plate III, fig. 2). The worker, who in 

 almost all cases is a woman, keeps a small dish of oil at hand 

 in which to dip her fingers or her tools from time to time, 

 to prevent them from sticking to the clay. In default of oil, 

 she may use perspiration from her forehead or nose. After 

 the clay has been well kneaded, the object is shaped with the 

 fingers, then trimmed off with the knife. The bowl of the 

 pipe is then cut out with the oblique cutting edge of one of 

 the bamboo instruments. A thrust or two with one of the 

 metal rods makes the opening for the smoke to pass through. 

 After this, the pipes or cigar holders are left to dry for a 

 time. Then they are placed in an earthenware bowl filled with 

 combustibles, usually consisting of rice straw. The straw is 

 set on fire and bakes the objects. 



San Nicolas pipes and cigar holders are usually plain. A little 

 ornamentation is sometimes produced by incising the unbaked 

 clay with the edge of a piece of bamboo. Many of them are 

 blackened by being covered, while still very hot. with rice 



