﻿248 The Philippine Journal of Science m* 



the genitalia, is necessary, but also a knowledge of the ova, 

 larva, and pupa is required; and this is gained by tracing 

 the life history of a species. In this respect I regret to say 

 that my paper is incomplete as I have been unable to work 

 out the life history of each species recorded. My aim has been 

 merely to figure as many species of larvae as I could collect 

 and to accompany these figures with brief descriptions which 

 have been taken from the original drawings by Hisashi Kaido — 

 not from the living pupa and larva. In describing larvae, I have 

 taken the head as the first segment. 



As this paper is written with the thought of its aiding Japanese 

 and other lepidopterists who may be working upon Japanese 

 species, I have made a special point of quoting in the synonymy 

 references to the works of Japanese authors. In some cases, 

 the larvae figured by me have also been previously figured either 

 in colors, or in black and white, by Nawa and Nagano at Gifu. 1 



A most interesting characteristic of many lepidopterous larvae, 

 especially among the Heterocera, is their adaptability for har- 

 monizing in color with their environment so closely that it is 

 difficult to detect them. This is termed protective resemblance 

 and may be special or general. Poulton, 2 has written at great 

 length on this subject, and gives a table by which the colors 

 of animals are classified according to their uses. As I shall 

 have occasion to refer to this table when commenting upon the 

 protective resemblance of certain larvae figured, more especially 

 with reference to species of Heterocera, I reproduce the data 

 here as Table I with the consent of the publishers. 



In order to obviate confusion I will say that Tokio, or Tokyo, 

 the capital of the Japanese Empire, which in Japanese is called 

 Dai Nihon Teikoku, is situated on an island equally well-known 



"■Insect World (Konchii Sekai) (1897-1913), 1-16. Other Japanese 

 authors to whom I have referred in the course of this paper are the 

 following : 



Matsumura, Catalogus Insectorum Japonicum (sic.) (1905), 1 (no 

 plates); and Nihon Senchu Dzukai (Thousand Insects of Japan) (1907). 

 4; (1909), supplement 1; (1910), supplement 2; (1911), supplement 3; all 

 of these deal with Japanese Lepidoptera in the Japanese language, accom- 

 panied by many uncolored plates. 



Miyajima, Nihon Chorui Dzusetsu (Japanese Butterflies) (1904), with 

 many colored plates. 



Various details occurring in these works concerning the larva? of the 

 species figured by me and their food plants, the times of appearance, and 

 geographical distribution of the imago have been incorporated in my notes. 



• The Colours of Animals. 2d ed. London, Kegan Paul. Trench, Triibner 

 & Co. Ltd. (1890), i-xiii + 1-360. 



