﻿OTUHah: Notes on , 



Lefiijoptera (Phil. Journ. Sci., IX, T>. No. 3.). To face pane 248. 



Table I. — The colors of animals classified according to f 



tfwn.-Apate. 



Difiniti^ -Colon which c 



nimal to resemble 



I. Apatetic colors (d * ttTjj rut 61, deceitful). 

 e part of its usual environment or which cause it to be mistaken for an animal of anothei 



CRYPTIC cOLoRS^Protective and aggressive resemblance (frotiirTOf, hidden). 

 tfoun.-Crypse. 



n*/Enttfon.— Colors which conceal an animal by rendering it difficult to distinguish from some part of its vegetable or mineral e 

 men t (in the great majority of cases). 



E. PSEUDOSENATIC COLORS ( V tvSfc. 

 <T»)/in. sign). 

 ,]i. Noun.— Pseudoseme. 



Oefin ih'on.— False warning and lignallr 

 on*, deceptively suggesting somethm 

 pleasant to enemies or attractive to 

 In these cases, the 

 animal is usually copied. 



II. Sbm i a ilgn)< 



■ 



Warning and signaling colom, 



suggesting something unpleasant to en- 

 emies or assisting other individuals of the 

 tame species to escape. 



"iduet. marriage), 

 ' Pima. 



Color. display*!!,, courtship. 

 r^ mpU ^Xht train of peacock, bright 

 «»lor» of many butterflies. 



| I. PROCRVPTIC 



blance (irpb. 



hidden). 

 j tfoun.-Procrypse. 

 | £jfrini( ion. —Concealment 

 1 against enemies. 



3RS= Protective resem- 

 defence of: kpvvt6%, 



(a) GENEBAl 



Definition, — Concealment as a protection 

 against enemies, effected by colors which 

 harmonize with the total artistic effect of 

 the immediate environment. 



(b) Special protei-tive iu-.sgmblance. 

 Defi n it ion.— Resemblance in shape and out- 

 line, as well as color, to some object in the 

 a protection against en- 



2. Anticryptic coLORS=Aggrcssive re- 

 semblance (dcr[, in opposition to; 

 Kpiurrit, hidden). 



Noun.— Anticrypse. 



Definition, Concealment in order to facil- 

 itate attack. 



1. Variable: DefinU 

 adjusted toharmoi 



-The 





ibe 



th changes in the 

 environment or to correspond with the 

 differences between the 

 different individuals. 



Examples.— Alpine hare, larva of Spfl 



2. Constant: Definition.— The colore rei 

 fixed for each stage or period of life, and 

 harmonize with some appearance predom- 

 inant in the environment. 



Examples —Common hare, larva of Sphinx 

 convolvuli. 



3. Variable: Definition.— 1 The colors can be 

 adjusted to harmonize with changes in the 

 objects resembled or to correspond with 

 the differences between the objects resem- 

 bled by different individuals. 



Examples, — Many larva; of Geometric, etc. 



;) Gbneral acurkssivk RESEMBLANCE. 



iefinition.— Concealment, in order to facil- 

 itate the capture of prey, effected by colors 

 which harmonize with the total artistic 

 effect of the immediate environment. 



4. Constant: Definition.— The colors remain 

 fixed for each stage or period of life, and 

 harmonize with the usual appearance of 

 the object resembled. 



Exa mplm. — The leaflike appearance of Kal- 

 liina or of Gonoptern when at rest. 



By far the most interesting examples of 

 constant special protective resemblance 

 do not merely effect concealment; they are 

 described as pseudapusematic colors. 



. PflEUDAPOSBMATlC colors Protective 

 mimicry (uVct'dTJs. false; dro. away; crjjua. 



.'on H.-Pseadapoaeme. 



which deeep- 

 unpleasant or 

 xamplea: Hor- 



.TUllllll 



W) Special a^gres^ive resemblance. 

 DrKiiitwii.— Resemblance in shape and out- 

 line, as well as color, to some object in the 

 order to facilitate the cap- 



eof p 



6. Variable: Definition.— The colors can ha , 

 adjusted to harmonize with changes in the | 

 environment or to correspond with the dif- 

 ferences between the environments of dif- 

 ferent individuals. 



Example. Stoat in northern latitudes. 



tively suggests 



dangerous to ni 



netlike moth, beelike fly): or which k 



gests that a persecuted form belong! 



the same species as ils enemy (#» 



vie: Wasplike cricket); or which 



that the enemy has been warned off by 



another individual of its own species 



(example: Mark on caterpillar resembling 



eggs of ichneumon-fly). 



ti. Constant: Definition.— The colors remain 

 fixed for each stage or period of life, and 

 harmonize with some appearance pre- 

 dominant in the environment. 



Example.— Stoat in southern latitudes, polar 

 bear and lion. 



7. Variable: Definition.— The colors can be 

 adjusted to harmonize with changes in the 

 objects resembled or to correspond with 

 the difference between the objects resem- 

 bled by different individuals. 



Example.— I do not yet know of a clear in- 



s. Constant: Definition.- -The colors remain 

 fixed for each stage or period of life, and 

 harmonize with the usual appearance of 

 the object resembled. 



Example.— Certain Mantida? with leaflike 

 appendages. 



By far the most interesting example ■■< 

 constant special aggressive resemblance 

 do not merely effect concealment: they are 

 described as pseudepieematic colon. 



A.POSI m ITIC COLORS Warning colors 

 (dir6. away; uijaa. sign), 

 bun.— Apoe erne, 



i.fuii/tp'ii. —An ii]nn.-:irain-i' wluih wurnn nil' 



enemies because it denotes something an- 



pleasant or dangonrai (eoampli Wl 



tail of skunk, gaudy colors of stinging 

 in , n.-i. oi i'. hii b 'in ■ i ■ the attention of 

 an enemy to some specially defended (• ■■- 

 amplot: "Tussocks" >>f Orwia, dorsal pa- 

 pilla? of Eolidd); or merely nonvltal l>" ' 

 (i xampli Appai ent he id ■■> eye on wing 

 of buttarflj ). ur which warns off othi rln- 



dlvtduala nf the mum iciea (i tampl* 



Conspicuous external curb of ichneumon* 

 fly). 



9 (y-evo^f. fals. 



winch decep- 



. p.., , DEPIBEUATK 



, _,, toward arjua. sign). 

 Noun,— Pseudepiseme. 

 Ignition.— An appearance 



tively suggests some object 



proytalluring-coloraXawmpla.-FlowerlUte 



Mantist; or which en 



approach without exciting suspicion (ag- 

 , | rr. Volucella 



,. bling HyroenopterB -n which its 



larva feeds; antlike spider can approach 

 not afraid of ant). 



2. Episkmatii' COLOBB Recognition marks 



14ttI. toward af/p-a. »ign), 



Epiaeme. 



ifinition-—An appears 



individuals of the same species quickly to 



recognize and follow one another. 



I hi ■•■ I.,.. I ,,l ..i the rabbit. 



CORRESPONDING ADVENTITIOUS COLORS. 



tawcWM " ■' ■■ntitious colors (dXXoi. other; Kovwrit. hidden). 



UoCTjrpae, 



mnsht about b> - t he use of adventitious objects. 



Kxa "'"'- Ph eaof Icf by certain crabs „- elc > of Di „_ 



pillars. 

 Although anally Protective (allopr^ryptic). ,uch color, m^ be a^rreMive (allantlCJf 

 BasmpCs. The antlion buried in the .and at the I- , ofttapi 



:crement. and of chlorophyll by t 



».— An appearance which deoep- 



ISMATIC colors (d/niB^t. false; 



1 dXXot. °*- h "'- *w*- si « n> - 

 pBoudalli 



lively aoggaata lome adventitious object 

 commonly associated with the mimicked 

 species. 



Mimetic resemblani i 

 ried by leaf-cutting ant. 



Alixisematic colors (dXXot. other; aijua. 

 sign). 



Uloaeme. 



[•„, D :,;.- colon of another 

 : i. use of. 



i he hermit crab making use of 

 fur purposes of defense. 



IIC colors (dXXoi. Bthw; iVt 

 nrtth a view to;7duoi, marriage). 

 jVr.un.— Allepignm. 



Adventitious objects displayed 



in omrtshlp. 

 E/nmplr*- Objects collected by bower 

 , ., ii.,ts produced by "costume." 



