﻿ix. d, 3 Wileman: Notes on Japanese Lepidoptera 251 



spots and bands, and that when sitting on the upper side of a 

 leaf it resembles a bird-dropping. It is very true, as may be 

 observed from the figures given of the young larvae (Plate I, 

 figs. 1 and 2), that they have this peculiar resemblance, but it 

 only lasts up to the fourth molt, after which the larva assumes 

 the green color which marks the last, or adult, stage. In the 

 adult stage it closely resembles the larva of P. demetrius Cramer. 



This is an instance where the larva is first protected during 

 the greater part of its existence by special protective resemblance 

 and in its last stage by general protective resemblance, both 

 apparently of a constant nature. 



Up to the fourth molt it is evidently protected against enemies 

 by special resemblance as the appearance of a bird-dropping 

 is copied in outline and color as a protection against enemies. In 

 its last stage it is protected by general resemblance as its green 

 color harmonizes with the total artistic effect of its environment ; 

 namely, the foliage of the karatachi. (Table I, 1, procryptic 

 colors, a and b). 



Matsumura also gives the orange tree, mikan {Citrus nobilis 

 Lour.), as a food plant. 



The larva of Papilio helenus Linn., judging from the figure 

 of the young larva by Kershaw, 7 seems to enjoy a similar 

 protective resemblance, both the young and full-grown larvae 

 being somewhat like those of P. xuthus. Nawa 8 gives colored 

 figures of the metamorphoses of P. xuthus and of an ichneumon 

 fly parasitic on it, and represents the larva with two yellowish 

 osmeteria, or nuchal horns, exserted from the junction of the 

 head and the first thoracic segment. These give off a strong 

 odor, and probably have an intimidating effect on enemies. 



In the Tokyo Zoological Magazine (Tokyo Dobutsugaku 

 Zasshi), there is a good uncolored plate showing the metamor- 

 phoses of P. xuthus, but no allusion is made to this plate in 

 the succeeding Japanese text, and the author, therefore, cannot 

 be named. Seitz states that 



the larva is very similar to that of P. bianor Cramer; bright green; a grey, 

 white-marked, transverse band on the third, fifth, and twelfth somites, a 

 similar oblique band over the seventh and eighth segments; above the pro- 

 legs large, rounded, white spots. From June to November it is found on 

 JEgle sepiaria and various fruit trees. The chrysalis is green, rarely 

 brown; the anterior abdominal segments laterally somewhat swollen and 

 carinate, caputal processes strongly developed; an obtuse, somewhat thorn- 

 like process on thorax. 



'Butterflies of Hongkong (1907), PI. 4a, fig. 7. 

 "Insect World (1898), 2, 6, PI. I. 



