﻿ix, d, 6 Robertson: The Igorots of Lepanto 519 



on the heads of the above-said litigants, for the purpose of ascertaining 

 which of the two has the greater amount of blood. That one is thereupon 

 considered to have lost the case, and he is punished as above said. 1 " 



The presence of the campo is not necessary for all matters, unless he 

 wishes, but it is necessary in the most important matters. 



All the affairs of the pueblo and other very important matters could 

 not be written, because we had absolutely no knowledge of paper, pen, 

 and ink in those times, and we preserved all such matters by memory 

 from family to family to our present time. 



Short accounts of the Spanish and American regimes follow. 

 Spanish officials were stationed in Mancayan from 1862 

 until the insurrection against Spanish rule. The manuscript 

 continues : 



DISCOVERY OF THE COPPER MINES BY NATIVES m 



The men, Buansi, Gal-ey, Banggit, and two others whose names we do 

 not now remember, the fathers and grandfathers of the declarants, and- 

 hunters in those early times, inhabitants of the old pueblo of Aban (Man- 



,K See footnote 64. Cf. Blair and Robertson, ut supra: 5, 145-147, 161, 

 181-187 (Loarca, Relation, ca. 1580); 7, 179 (Plasencia, Customs of the 

 Tagalogs, 1589); 16, 128, 129 (Morga, Sucesos, 1609); 16, 321-329 (Pla- 

 sencia, Customs of the Pampangos in their lawsuits, 1589) ; 40, 85, 86 

 (Colin, Labor evangelica, 1663) ; 40, 150 (Combes, Historia, 1663) ; 40, 

 357, 358 (San Antonio, Chronicas, 1738-44) ; 43, 109 (Ortiz, Practica del 

 ministerio, ca. 1742); 43, 304 (in Mindanao). 



1M The copper deposits of this region have long been known. W. D. Smith 

 of the Bureau of Science [Journ. Geo!. (1913), 21, 29-61], says that the 

 copper is found in the form of arsenates and sulphides. Eveland [Pub. P. I. 

 Min. Bur. (1905), No. 4, 9] presents a good description of the copper 

 fields together with a short bibliographical survey and a history of mining 

 and the mining methods of the Igorots. See also the annual bulletin, 

 Mineral resources of the Philippine Islands, published by the Bureau of 

 Science. A Spanish company, called the Cantabro-Filipino Company, began 

 operations in 1856. The company paid about 400 pesos Philippine cur- 

 rency for the concession, and the Igorots were guaranteed employment in 

 the mines at regular fixed rates. It is estimated that 40,250 pounds of 

 copper were produced during the years 1840-55, valued at 117,000 Spanish 

 pesos. The company began the work of actual production in 1860. From 

 that time until 1875, when the company ceased operations, 2,500,000 pounds 

 of copper were produced. The copper mined by the Igorots is smelted by a 

 primitive method probably learned from the Chinese. Eveland says (p. 18) : 

 ''The copper obtained in this manner they sell partly in cakes to the Chris- 

 tian people in the lowlands, and partly dedicate to the manufacture of pots 

 and boilers which the Igorots forge with stones; also making of the same 

 metal bars, tongs, and small pipes for smoking." La Guia Oficial, Manila 

 (1893), 115, says: "In the district of Lepanto are important copper deposits 

 and considerable exploitation has occurred in Mancayan, Suyoc, Bumucun, 

 and Agbao. The Igorots of the most distant mountains carry the mineral 

 down to sell it, but they are hostile to whites, and no one has gone up." 

 Worcester [This Journal (1906), 1, 848] says of the copper mining of 

 the Igorots: "Many of the Igorots of northern Benguet and southern Le- 



