28 BARBOUR: ZOOGEOGRAPHY. 



supposed the ophidian genus Agrophis had, while Rana baramica is confined to 

 Borneo and Banka. 



There does not seem to be any reason to suppose that Borneo has been con- 

 nected with the Lesser Sunda chain as has Celebes. The Papuan element in the 

 fauna may well have been derived from the Moluccas through connections which 

 included some of the southern Philippines. 



Lesser Sunda Islands. 



In this group may be included the islands from Bali to Timor, or rather 

 such of them as we have data concerning. Collections have been reported on 

 from comparatively few of the islands; therefore the presence of many charac- 

 teristic forms on one island, and their absence on another near by, show at once 

 how very incomplete our knowledge still is of all these islands, except Timor, 

 which has been more or less studied and collected upon by both Dutch and 

 Portuguese naturalists for many years. The islands of which we know some- 

 thing, as to the herpetology, are Lombok, Flores, Ombaai (or Alor), Sumba, and 

 Timor; the islands of Savu, Semao, and Rotti, close to Timor, are also partially 

 known. The great island of Sumbawa is absolutely a terra incognita, as is also 

 the important island of Bali, of which we have only one or two records of common 

 wide-ranging species. The smaller islands of Adonare, Lomblen, Pandi, Kam- 

 bing, and Wetter, are herpetologically entirely unexplored. 



With the exception of Timor, none of these islands shows any startling con- 

 ditions which would serve to separate it from the others zoologically. Their 

 fauna is almost exclusively Malayan, and there is no evidence whatever on the 

 herpetological side in support of the existence of what is known as Wallace's 

 Line between Bali and Lombok. There is a distinct Australasian tinge to 

 Timor. The Lesser Sunda Islands show species, sometimes known from one of 

 them, sometimes from another, which are common to both Java and Celebes, 

 but which are unknown on Borneo. What has been termed the Flores Bridge is 

 now one of the most satisfactorily established of all the land connections which 

 have been suggested in this area. It is evident that Celebes has received from 

 this Sunda group a very large portion of its herpetologic fauna; among some of 

 the species which may be mentioned as having utihzed this Flores Bridge the fol- 

 lowing is typical — Rana microdisca is known from Sumatra, Java, Flores, and 

 Celebes. A large number of other species, which will be spoken of under the 

 note on Celebes, have without doubt used this same connection, for these species 

 have long been known both from Java and from Celebes, but owing to the fact 



