Geology of Seneca County. 109 



in a season. Two patterns are used, the horse shoe (from ^ to 

 12 inch diameter), and the flat-bottomed (2 to 6-inch). The clay- 

 is ^ot from a field on the north bank of the canal, in the western 

 part of the village. The beds run a foot below the water level. 

 They comprise two feet of red clay on top, separated from, five feet 

 of blue by a few inches of alternate sand and clay. The strata 

 dip toward the canal, the sand becoming very thick. The clay 

 rests on quicksand. The "blue" is red with a purplish tinge. 

 A portion of red clay is also found five feet below the surface, 

 under the blue. The blue is said to be too " strong," i. e., tena- 

 cious and adhesive, by itself, and is improved by admixture of 

 the red. 



The clay is put into a bin and used as fast as wanted. It is 

 mixed by hand in the bin, shoveled into the drum of the machine, 

 where it is cut and " tempered " with knives, forced through a 

 screen to remove stones, and at last pushed through a die upon 

 revolving rollers. 



The fuel is wood, as is usual in these parts. 



It is claimed as an advantage for this tile, that it is more 

 porous than som.e others. 



Wm. M. Culley, successor to Dixon & Whitwell, Geneva Tile 

 Works, address Geneva. Located in Waterloo, near the Geneva 

 boundary, in low land at foot of lake. The red clay at top is 

 three feet thick, the blue is of unknown thickness, and for reasons 

 connected with drainage has been cut only five feet. It is cut in 

 the fall and weathers until required in the spring. The season 

 for making tile is from May 1 to the beginning or middle of 

 September; the moist unbaked tile is spoiled by frost. The two 

 clays are mixed, wet, in a pugging machine run by one horse. 

 ISTo sand is added. Next season it is intended to cut only four feet 

 of blue clay. Stones have to be removed by hand. The tile is 

 made in two Dunning hand machines, each run by two men. It 

 is piled in a Dixon's kiln, holding 30,000, the process requiring 

 two or three days. Burning takes four days and three nights ; 

 cooling, three or four days ; unloading, two or three days. 



There are two kinds made, pipe and horse-shoe ; the latter is 

 liked for low-lying grounds, and is set on boards in the trench; 

 is thought not to break. The diameters of the pipes are of five 

 grades, ranging from two to five inches; of the horse-shoes, 



