xiii, D, 4 Wileman: Japanese Lepidoptera 161 



silken threads; there are so very few of these silken threads that they can 

 scarcely be called a cocoon. 



Kamimura does not mention in the text the yellow streaks that 

 appear on the dorsum of the pupa, but he figures them on his 

 pupa. They are noticeable in my figure (Plate I, 9). His 

 pupa is represented as suspended by the tail from a silken pad 

 attached to a small twig. My pupa is represented in the same 

 position, the silken pad being spun on the underside of a leaf 

 of the food plant. This method of pupation seems rather peculiar 

 for a lymantriid and is suggestive of that of a vanessid pupa, 

 but I am informed by Mr. W. Schultze, formerly of the Philippine 

 Bureau of Science, that Leucoma nidrginalis Walker,^'^ a Philip- 

 pine species, has a somewhat similar mode of pupation. The 

 larva of marginalis spins a silken pad and also attaches itself 

 to the leaf by encircling its body with a few silken threads, 

 which one might term a rudimentary cocoon. These threads 

 break away, possibly after the pupa has formed, and the pupa 

 is left suspended by the tail from the silken pad. The pupa of 

 marginalis somewhat resembles that of jonasii in shape and color- 

 ation. It is figured by Semper,^" together with the larva, which 

 is green and very hairy, quite different in color from that of 

 jonasii. 



Kamimura also expresses surprise at the method of pupation 

 of jonasii, as will be perceived from my translation of his original 

 Japanese text, which is given farther on. He states that the 

 pupa hangs down attached by two or three silken threads and 

 that there are so few of these threads that they can be scarcely 

 called a cocoon. 



In his figure of the pupa it is represented as suspended by the 

 tail, like a vanessid pupa, from a silken pad attached to a twig, 

 without any silken threads encircling the body, in such a way as 

 to loop it up to the twig. The "two or three silken threads" 

 that he mentions may either refer to the silken pad from which 

 the pupa is suspended or to threads encircling the pupa, which 

 have been severed. However, he does not throw any light upon 

 this point, and it would be interesting to know whether the 

 larva of jonasii undergoes its pupal transformation merely sus- 

 pended from a silken pad. If so, it certainly has the habits of 

 a vanessid larva. I am unable to say whether any silken threads 

 encircled my pupa and attached it also to the leaf in addition 

 to the silken pad. They may have been present and become 



"Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. London (1862), 6, 128. 



'• Semper, Lep. Phil. Isl. (1902), 6, 473, PI. O, fig. 1, larva; fig. 2, pupa. 



