﻿630 
  NEW 
  YORK 
  STATE 
  MUSEUM 
  

  

  addition 
  of 
  sand. 
  Along 
  tlie 
  Hudson 
  river 
  and 
  on 
  Long 
  Island 
  

   tempering 
  sand 
  is 
  a 
  mncli 
  needed 
  article, 
  but 
  fortunately 
  it 
  is 
  near 
  

   at 
  hand. 
  With 
  molding 
  sand 
  it 
  is 
  different, 
  for 
  wherever 
  soft 
  mud 
  

   machines 
  are 
  used 
  it 
  is 
  necessary. 
  Very 
  often 
  it 
  can 
  be 
  obtained 
  

   from 
  some 
  neighboring 
  hill, 
  but 
  sometimes 
  it 
  has 
  to 
  be 
  brought 
  

   long 
  distances. 
  

  

  Having 
  determined 
  by 
  boring 
  or 
  otherwise, 
  the 
  extent 
  and 
  

   thickness 
  of 
  the 
  clay 
  at 
  the 
  locality 
  where 
  the 
  brick 
  yard 
  is 
  to 
  be 
  

   established, 
  the 
  next 
  step 
  is 
  to 
  strip 
  a 
  portion 
  of 
  the 
  surface 
  to 
  a 
  

   sufficient 
  depth 
  to 
  expose 
  the 
  clay. 
  

  

  The 
  amount 
  of 
  stripping 
  to 
  be 
  done 
  varies. 
  On 
  Long 
  Island 
  

   it 
  is 
  sometimes 
  as 
  much 
  as 
  20 
  or 
  30 
  feet. 
  Along 
  the 
  Hudson 
  

   valley 
  it 
  varies 
  from 
  a 
  foot 
  or 
  two 
  of 
  loam, 
  or 
  3 
  or 
  4 
  feet 
  of 
  sand 
  

   up 
  to 
  15 
  or 
  20 
  feet. 
  In 
  both 
  these 
  regions 
  the 
  sand 
  can 
  be 
  used 
  

   for 
  tempering, 
  though 
  the 
  quantity 
  stripped 
  is 
  far 
  in 
  excess 
  of 
  the 
  

   demand. 
  At 
  some 
  points 
  in 
  the 
  Hudson 
  valley 
  the 
  surface 
  is 
  cov- 
  

   ered 
  with 
  scrubby 
  trees 
  troublesome 
  to 
  remove. 
  In 
  the 
  northern 
  

   and 
  western 
  portions 
  of 
  the 
  state, 
  there 
  is 
  at 
  most 
  places 
  only 
  a 
  foot 
  

   or 
  two 
  of 
  soil 
  covering 
  the 
  clay. 
  

  

  When 
  a 
  yard 
  is 
  first 
  started, 
  the 
  stripping, 
  whatever 
  its 
  charac- 
  

   ter, 
  can 
  be 
  used 
  for 
  filling. 
  

  

  Natural 
  drainage 
  is 
  always 
  an 
  extremely 
  desirable 
  thing, 
  for 
  

   having 
  to 
  keep 
  the 
  clay 
  pit 
  clear 
  of 
  water 
  only 
  adds 
  to 
  the 
  cost 
  of 
  

   production. 
  IN'eighboring 
  streams 
  and 
  springs 
  are 
  often 
  a 
  constant 
  

   source 
  of 
  annoyance, 
  specially 
  if 
  the 
  clay 
  deposit 
  is 
  situated 
  in 
  a 
  

   valley. 
  They 
  are 
  chiefly 
  troublesome' 
  when 
  the 
  sand 
  bed, 
  which 
  

   often 
  underlies 
  the 
  clay, 
  is 
  struck 
  and 
  allows 
  the 
  water 
  to 
  run 
  in 
  

   and 
  flood 
  the 
  workings. 
  

  

  The 
  presence 
  of 
  a 
  sufficient 
  quantity 
  of 
  clay 
  or 
  shale 
  does 
  not 
  

   insure 
  quality, 
  and 
  before 
  erecting 
  a 
  clay-working 
  plant, 
  it 
  is 
  

   necessary 
  to 
  examine 
  into 
  the 
  quality 
  of 
  the 
  clay 
  and 
  its 
  possible 
  

   applications. 
  

  

  The 
  laboratory 
  methods 
  of 
  investigation 
  have 
  reached 
  a 
  high 
  

   degree 
  of 
  development 
  at 
  the 
  present 
  day, 
  and 
  by 
  such 
  means 
  much 
  

  

  