﻿CLAYS 
  OF 
  NEW 
  YORK 
  631 
  

  

  informatiorL 
  can 
  be 
  gained 
  concerning 
  the 
  quality 
  of 
  the 
  material. 
  

   If 
  these 
  results 
  are 
  promising, 
  it 
  is 
  worth 
  while 
  sending 
  several 
  

   barrels 
  of 
  the 
  clay 
  to 
  different 
  works, 
  in 
  order 
  to 
  test 
  it 
  on 
  a 
  

   practical 
  scale. 
  

  

  Analyses, 
  with 
  our 
  present 
  knowledge 
  of 
  clays, 
  are 
  of 
  more 
  value 
  

   in 
  the 
  case 
  of 
  high 
  grade 
  materials. 
  

  

  Methods 
  of 
  working 
  

  

  1 
  The 
  clay 
  is 
  dug 
  at 
  any 
  convenient 
  spot 
  in 
  the 
  bank, 
  usually 
  

   at 
  the 
  base, 
  working 
  inward; 
  thus 
  in 
  the 
  case 
  of 
  a 
  high 
  bank 
  

   eventually 
  leaving 
  quite 
  a 
  steep 
  face. 
  The 
  bank 
  is 
  apt 
  to 
  slide 
  

   sooner 
  or 
  later 
  and 
  the 
  men 
  begin 
  again 
  at 
  the 
  base 
  of 
  the 
  slip 
  and 
  

   work 
  inward. 
  There 
  is 
  one 
  disadvantage 
  in 
  this 
  method, 
  that 
  the 
  

   several 
  qualities 
  of 
  clay, 
  if 
  it 
  be 
  in 
  strata, 
  become 
  mixed, 
  which 
  is 
  

   not 
  desirable 
  in 
  all 
  cases. 
  It 
  has, 
  however, 
  the 
  advantage 
  of 
  mak- 
  

   ing 
  the 
  haulage 
  all 
  on 
  one 
  level. 
  Of 
  course, 
  in 
  this 
  method, 
  haul- 
  

   age 
  by 
  cart 
  is 
  the 
  most 
  convenient. 
  Cost, 
  25-30c 
  a 
  thousand 
  

   brick 
  for 
  about 
  500 
  feet 
  of 
  lead. 
  

  

  2 
  A 
  second 
  method, 
  one 
  rarely 
  used, 
  is 
  to 
  loosen 
  the 
  clay 
  by 
  

   means 
  of 
  plows 
  and 
  bring 
  it 
  to 
  the 
  yard 
  by 
  scraper, 
  provided 
  of 
  

   course 
  the 
  clay 
  bank 
  adjoins 
  the 
  yard. 
  Yery 
  few 
  yards 
  employ 
  this 
  

   method. 
  It 
  costs 
  about 
  20c 
  a 
  thousand 
  brick 
  to 
  plow 
  the 
  clay 
  and 
  

   bring 
  it 
  down 
  with 
  scrapers. 
  To 
  this 
  must 
  be 
  added 
  the 
  price 
  of 
  

   getting 
  the 
  clay 
  from 
  the 
  heaps 
  to 
  the 
  molding 
  machines, 
  a 
  distance 
  

   of 
  about 
  50 
  feet. 
  In 
  plowing 
  clay, 
  the 
  bank 
  is 
  usually 
  worked 
  at 
  an 
  

   angle 
  of 
  about 
  30 
  degrees. 
  This 
  method 
  has 
  no 
  special 
  advantage. 
  

   The 
  clay 
  is 
  more 
  broken 
  up 
  and 
  is 
  exposed 
  to 
  the 
  weather 
  for 
  

   several 
  days 
  ; 
  this 
  adds 
  materially 
  to 
  the 
  quality 
  of 
  pressed 
  brick, 
  

   but 
  for 
  common 
  brick 
  it 
  is 
  of 
  little 
  importance. 
  This 
  method 
  is 
  

   sometimes 
  used 
  where 
  the 
  deposit 
  is 
  extensive 
  and 
  shallow, 
  wheel 
  

   scrapers 
  being 
  used 
  in 
  case 
  the 
  haul 
  is 
  not 
  long 
  enough 
  to 
  require 
  a 
  

   locomotive. 
  

  

  3 
  Working 
  in 
  benches. 
  This 
  method 
  is 
  one 
  commonly 
  used 
  

   where 
  the 
  bank 
  is 
  over 
  25 
  feet 
  high. 
  The 
  benches 
  are 
  6 
  to 
  8 
  feet 
  

  

  