﻿CLAYS 
  OF 
  IsEW 
  YORK 
  633 
  

  

  100 
  to 
  300 
  feet. 
  Within 
  these 
  limits 
  it 
  is 
  economical 
  to 
  use 
  one 
  

   lioi-se 
  cai-ts, 
  but 
  above 
  300 
  or 
  400 
  feet 
  there 
  are 
  other 
  means 
  of 
  haul- 
  

   age 
  which 
  will 
  generally 
  be 
  found 
  cheaper. 
  There 
  are 
  exceptions 
  

   where 
  carts 
  are 
  used 
  for 
  hauling 
  long 
  distances; 
  for 
  instance, 
  at 
  

   Port 
  Ewen 
  on 
  the 
  Hudson 
  the 
  clay 
  is 
  carted 
  900 
  feet 
  in 
  some 
  

   ■cases, 
  and 
  at 
  Haverstraw 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  firms 
  bring 
  their 
  clay 
  a 
  dis- 
  

   tance 
  of 
  a 
  quarter 
  of 
  a 
  mile 
  in 
  one 
  horse 
  carts. 
  The 
  character 
  of 
  

   the 
  Hudson 
  yalley 
  clay 
  banks 
  is 
  such 
  that 
  train 
  haulage 
  would 
  not 
  

   be 
  practicable, 
  as 
  the 
  tracks 
  would 
  have 
  to 
  be 
  shifted 
  so 
  often. 
  

  

  Cars. 
  As 
  a 
  rule 
  where 
  the 
  haulage 
  distance 
  exceeds 
  500 
  feet 
  

   ■cars 
  are 
  used. 
  They 
  are 
  run 
  on 
  tracks 
  and 
  drawn 
  by 
  horses; 
  if 
  

   possible 
  the 
  track 
  is 
  laid 
  down 
  grade 
  from 
  the 
  bank 
  to 
  the 
  yard. 
  

   Sometimes 
  the 
  loaded 
  cars 
  are 
  run 
  do^Mi 
  to 
  the 
  yard 
  by 
  gravity, 
  

   the 
  horses 
  being 
  only 
  required 
  to 
  draw 
  them 
  back 
  when 
  empty. 
  

   Cost 
  10c 
  a 
  cubic 
  yard 
  for 
  about 
  500- 
  feet 
  lead. 
  

  

  Locomotive 
  haulage. 
  This 
  is 
  a 
  cheap 
  method 
  where 
  the 
  scale 
  of 
  

   operations 
  warrants 
  it; 
  that 
  is 
  to 
  say, 
  for 
  a 
  yard 
  having 
  an 
  annual 
  

   capacity 
  of 
  15,000,000 
  or 
  upward. 
  The 
  cost 
  by 
  this 
  method 
  is 
  

   about 
  5c 
  or 
  7c 
  a 
  thousand 
  brick 
  (about 
  one 
  and 
  a, 
  quaii:er 
  to 
  one 
  

   and 
  a 
  half 
  cubic 
  yards 
  of 
  clay 
  being 
  reckoned 
  to 
  a 
  thousand 
  brick) 
  

   for 
  a 
  distance 
  of 
  600 
  or 
  800 
  feet. 
  It 
  is 
  necessary, 
  of 
  course, 
  to 
  have 
  

   cars 
  filled 
  with 
  clay 
  ready 
  for 
  the 
  engine 
  as 
  soon 
  as 
  the 
  empty 
  

   ones 
  are 
  dra^vn 
  back; 
  othermse 
  the 
  expense 
  would 
  become 
  great 
  if 
  

   the 
  engine 
  had 
  to 
  spend 
  much 
  time 
  waiting. 
  The 
  cost 
  given 
  above 
  

   does 
  not 
  include 
  wear 
  and 
  tear 
  on 
  plant. 
  

  

  Wire 
  rope 
  haulage. 
  A 
  few 
  yards 
  use 
  this 
  method 
  where 
  the 
  

   haulage 
  distance 
  is 
  small; 
  the 
  winding 
  drum 
  is 
  placed 
  under 
  the 
  

   machine 
  shed 
  near 
  the 
  pug 
  mill 
  or 
  crushers; 
  side 
  or 
  bottom 
  dump- 
  

   ing 
  cars 
  are 
  used. 
  

  

  Gravity 
  planes 
  may 
  also 
  be 
  mentioned, 
  but 
  they 
  are 
  less 
  used 
  than 
  

   they 
  might 
  be. 
  

  

  Purification 
  of 
  clay- 
  

   In 
  the 
  manufacture 
  of 
  common 
  clay 
  bricks 
  it 
  is 
  seldom 
  necessary 
  

   to 
  give 
  much 
  time 
  to 
  the 
  preparation 
  of 
  the 
  clay, 
  but 
  in 
  the 
  case 
  

  

  