﻿674 
  NEW 
  YORK 
  STATE 
  MUSEUM 
  

  

  The 
  principle 
  of 
  burning 
  is 
  mucli 
  the 
  same 
  in 
  the 
  different 
  kilns, 
  

   but 
  the 
  burning 
  can 
  be 
  better 
  regulated 
  in 
  closed 
  kilns. 
  In 
  down- 
  

   draft 
  kilns 
  the 
  bricks 
  in 
  the 
  upper 
  portion 
  of 
  the 
  kiln 
  receive 
  

   the 
  greatest 
  amount 
  of 
  heat, 
  whereas 
  in 
  a 
  scove-kiln 
  or 
  clamp, 
  the 
  

   arch 
  bricks, 
  which 
  have 
  to 
  bear 
  the 
  weight 
  of 
  the 
  overlying 
  bricks, 
  

   are 
  heated 
  the 
  most 
  and 
  often 
  become 
  crushed 
  out 
  of 
  shape. 
  The 
  

   rectangular 
  can 
  not 
  be 
  bound 
  together 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  circular 
  kilns, 
  

   this 
  being 
  of 
  course 
  necessary 
  in 
  order 
  to 
  prevent 
  a 
  bulging 
  of 
  the 
  

   walls 
  during 
  burning. 
  

  

  Most 
  of 
  the 
  manufacturers 
  who 
  make 
  common 
  bricks 
  by 
  the 
  soft 
  

   mud 
  process, 
  bum 
  them 
  in 
  temporary, 
  up-draft 
  kilns, 
  or 
  scove- 
  

   kilns, 
  as 
  they 
  are 
  properly 
  called, 
  but 
  the 
  use 
  of 
  kilns 
  of 
  the 
  Endaly 
  

   type 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  continuous 
  ones 
  is 
  extending 
  rapidly. 
  

  

  Scove-kilns. 
  In 
  these 
  the 
  bricks 
  are 
  set 
  up 
  and 
  burnt 
  in 
  '^ 
  arches 
  '\ 
  

   several 
  of 
  which 
  go 
  to 
  make 
  up 
  a 
  kiln. 
  The 
  number 
  of 
  bricks 
  in 
  

   an 
  arch 
  varies 
  from 
  35,000 
  to 
  40,000. 
  An 
  arch 
  is 
  about 
  40 
  courses 
  

   high, 
  and 
  about 
  15 
  arches 
  make 
  up 
  a 
  kiln. 
  The 
  open 
  portion 
  of 
  

   the 
  arch 
  is 
  about 
  14 
  courses 
  high; 
  the 
  bricks 
  above 
  the 
  arch 
  are 
  set 
  

   three 
  one 
  way 
  and 
  then 
  three 
  on 
  top 
  at 
  right 
  angles. 
  They 
  are 
  

   kept 
  slightly 
  separated 
  by 
  putting 
  small 
  pieces 
  of 
  clay 
  between 
  

   them. 
  The 
  first 
  row 
  of 
  brick 
  on 
  top 
  of 
  the 
  arch 
  is 
  called 
  the 
  tie 
  

   course, 
  and 
  the 
  first 
  14 
  courses, 
  including 
  the 
  tie 
  course, 
  above 
  the 
  

   arch 
  are 
  called 
  the 
  '' 
  lower 
  bench 
  ", 
  and 
  the 
  rest 
  of 
  the 
  courses 
  above 
  

   are 
  called 
  the 
  " 
  upper 
  bench 
  ". 
  When 
  the 
  arch 
  and 
  lower 
  and 
  

   upper 
  benches 
  have 
  been 
  set, 
  brick 
  are 
  laid 
  flat 
  over 
  the 
  top 
  of 
  the 
  

   kiln; 
  this 
  is 
  the 
  ^^ 
  raw 
  platting"; 
  and 
  then 
  on 
  top 
  of 
  this 
  is 
  laid 
  

   burnt 
  bricks 
  at 
  right 
  angles 
  to 
  those 
  of 
  the 
  raw 
  platting, 
  which 
  is 
  

   the 
  " 
  burnt 
  platting 
  ^\ 
  Hanging 
  from 
  the 
  roof 
  of 
  the 
  kiln 
  shed 
  

   at 
  the 
  same 
  level 
  are 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  bricks 
  which 
  serve 
  as 
  a 
  guide 
  for 
  

   hight 
  in 
  building 
  the 
  kiln. 
  A 
  wall 
  of 
  two 
  thicknesses 
  of 
  " 
  double- 
  

   coal 
  " 
  brick 
  is 
  put 
  around 
  the 
  outside 
  of 
  the 
  kiln, 
  scoving 
  the 
  kiln 
  

   it 
  is 
  called, 
  and 
  this 
  is 
  " 
  daubed 
  " 
  over 
  with 
  mud. 
  The 
  daub 
  is 
  to 
  

   prevent 
  any 
  air 
  entering 
  except 
  through 
  the 
  doors. 
  The 
  latter 
  con- 
  

   sist 
  of 
  an 
  iron 
  frame 
  about 
  14 
  inches 
  high, 
  with 
  an 
  iron 
  plate 
  to 
  

  

  