﻿CLAYS 
  OF 
  NEW 
  YORK 
  

  

  67; 
  

  

  close 
  the 
  opening; 
  the 
  frames 
  are 
  set 
  in 
  the 
  courses 
  of 
  double-coal 
  

   brick, 
  at 
  the 
  bottom 
  of 
  the 
  arch 
  on 
  both 
  sides 
  of 
  the 
  kiln. 
  Double- 
  

   coal 
  brick 
  have 
  six 
  or 
  seven 
  times 
  as 
  much 
  coal 
  dust 
  in 
  them 
  as 
  

   others 
  and 
  are 
  used 
  for 
  placing 
  aroimd 
  the 
  outside 
  of 
  the 
  kilns. 
  

   The 
  combustion 
  of 
  the 
  coal 
  in 
  them, 
  the 
  manufacturer 
  claims, 
  sup- 
  

   plies 
  the 
  necessary 
  amount 
  of 
  heat 
  to 
  the 
  outer 
  portion 
  of 
  the 
  kilns 
  

   wliach 
  are 
  not 
  sufficiently 
  heated 
  by 
  the 
  arch 
  fires. 
  Double-coal 
  

   bricks 
  sell 
  for 
  about 
  $2.50 
  a 
  thousand, 
  and 
  usually 
  bear 
  some 
  dis- 
  

   tinguishing 
  stamp, 
  but 
  they 
  are 
  not 
  as 
  strong 
  as 
  the 
  other 
  brick. 
  It 
  

   takes 
  two 
  setters 
  and 
  four 
  wheelers 
  about 
  one 
  dav 
  to 
  set 
  an 
  arch 
  of 
  

   35,000 
  brick; 
  two 
  men 
  will 
  daub 
  the 
  outside 
  of 
  a 
  15 
  arch 
  kiln 
  in 
  

   one' 
  day. 
  

  

  Haidng 
  " 
  walled-up 
  " 
  the 
  kiln 
  with 
  double-coal 
  brick 
  and 
  daubed 
  

   it 
  over, 
  the 
  next 
  step 
  is 
  to 
  start 
  the 
  fires 
  and 
  burn 
  the 
  bricks. 
  The 
  

   principle 
  of 
  the 
  process 
  is 
  essentially 
  the 
  same, 
  whether 
  wood, 
  coal 
  

   or 
  oil 
  is 
  used 
  as 
  fuel. 
  

  

  First, 
  every 
  alternate 
  brick 
  of 
  the 
  ^^ 
  burnt 
  platting 
  " 
  is 
  stood 
  on 
  

   end 
  to 
  allow 
  the 
  " 
  water-smoke 
  " 
  or 
  steam 
  to 
  escape 
  as 
  quickly 
  as 
  

   possible. 
  A 
  fire 
  is 
  then 
  started 
  in 
  the 
  mouth 
  of 
  each 
  arch. 
  When 
  

   coal 
  is 
  used 
  the 
  fire 
  is 
  started 
  on 
  the 
  windward 
  side 
  of 
  the 
  kiln 
  so 
  

   as 
  to 
  allow 
  the 
  smoke 
  to 
  blow 
  through 
  the 
  arches. 
  

  

  The 
  fire 
  is 
  also 
  started 
  from 
  the 
  other 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  arch, 
  and 
  the 
  

   two 
  fires 
  are 
  then 
  built 
  up 
  slowly 
  till 
  they 
  meet 
  in 
  the 
  middle. 
  

   The 
  time 
  of 
  crossing 
  the 
  fires 
  varies; 
  with 
  machine-made 
  bricks 
  

   the 
  fires 
  should 
  not 
  be 
  crossed 
  as 
  quickly 
  as 
  with 
  handmade 
  ones. 
  

   Along 
  the 
  Hudson 
  the 
  time 
  of 
  crossing 
  is 
  from 
  40 
  to 
  60 
  hours. 
  

   The 
  steam 
  should 
  escape 
  evenly 
  all 
  around 
  the 
  top, 
  and 
  the 
  upper 
  

   limit 
  of 
  the 
  fire 
  should 
  follow 
  directly 
  on 
  it, 
  the 
  steam 
  acting 
  as 
  

   a 
  blanket, 
  and 
  its 
  lower 
  limit 
  should 
  be 
  even. 
  It 
  is 
  the 
  duty 
  of 
  

   the 
  foreman 
  to 
  watch 
  the 
  burning 
  carefully, 
  and 
  increase 
  or 
  ease 
  

   up 
  the 
  steam 
  in 
  any 
  one 
  arch, 
  according 
  as 
  it 
  is 
  coming 
  off 
  too 
  

   slowly 
  or 
  too 
  rapidly. 
  The 
  fires 
  are 
  increased 
  till 
  the 
  " 
  watei^ 
  

   smoke 
  " 
  changes 
  to 
  a 
  bluish 
  black 
  smoke, 
  and 
  at 
  this 
  point 
  the 
  

   fire 
  can 
  be 
  seen 
  at 
  night 
  time 
  coming 
  from 
  the 
  top 
  of 
  the 
  kiln. 
  

  

  