﻿CLAYS 
  OF 
  NEW 
  YORK 
  

  

  677 
  

  

  regards 
  the 
  price 
  of 
  fuel. 
  The 
  great 
  majority 
  of 
  the 
  yards 
  along 
  

   the 
  Hudson 
  use 
  wood, 
  a 
  few 
  use 
  coal 
  and 
  two 
  or 
  three 
  use 
  oil. 
  

   With 
  coal 
  and 
  oil 
  the 
  heat 
  can 
  be 
  better 
  regulated 
  than 
  with 
  wood. 
  

   Another 
  important 
  point 
  is 
  the 
  amount 
  of 
  pale 
  brick 
  produced. 
  In 
  

   scove-kilns 
  there 
  is 
  sometimes 
  a 
  loss 
  of 
  as 
  much 
  as 
  50,000 
  to 
  75,000 
  

   in 
  a 
  clamp 
  of 
  500,000 
  bricks, 
  while 
  in 
  a 
  permanent 
  kiln 
  such 
  as 
  the 
  

   Wingard 
  or 
  one 
  similar, 
  the 
  amount 
  of 
  pale 
  brick 
  is 
  said 
  to 
  be 
  not 
  

   usually 
  over 
  25,000. 
  Again 
  in 
  the 
  case 
  of 
  permanent 
  kilns, 
  it 
  

   takes 
  no 
  more, 
  if 
  not 
  less, 
  time 
  to 
  set 
  the 
  bricks 
  and 
  there 
  is 
  less 
  

   •daubing 
  to 
  be 
  done. 
  Eegarding 
  the 
  amount 
  of 
  labor 
  required 
  in 
  

   burning, 
  one 
  man 
  is 
  supposed 
  to 
  tend 
  three 
  arches. 
  

  

  Up-draft 
  permanent 
  kilns. 
  These 
  differ 
  from 
  scove-kilns 
  only 
  

   in 
  having 
  permanent 
  side 
  walls. 
  They 
  are 
  open 
  at 
  the 
  tops 
  and 
  

   €nds, 
  and 
  the 
  latter 
  have 
  to 
  be 
  walled 
  up 
  before 
  the 
  burning 
  com- 
  

   mences. 
  Kilns 
  of 
  this 
  type 
  are 
  used 
  to 
  a 
  large 
  extent 
  for 
  burning 
  

   common 
  brick, 
  but 
  they 
  are 
  little 
  used 
  for 
  front, 
  stock, 
  or 
  orna- 
  

   mental 
  brick, 
  as 
  the 
  percentage 
  of 
  salmon 
  brick 
  produced 
  usually 
  

   amounts 
  to 
  from 
  20^ 
  to 
  35/^. 
  The 
  brick 
  are 
  set 
  in 
  the 
  same 
  man- 
  

   ner 
  as 
  in 
  scove-kilns, 
  and 
  the 
  burning 
  proceeds 
  on 
  the 
  same 
  

   principle. 
  

  

  In 
  up-draft 
  kilns 
  the 
  bricks 
  forming 
  the 
  arches 
  are 
  exposed 
  

   to 
  the 
  direct 
  action 
  of 
  the 
  flames, 
  and 
  are 
  usually 
  overburned, 
  so 
  

   that 
  they 
  are 
  twisted 
  or 
  crushed 
  out 
  of 
  shape, 
  and 
  often 
  covered 
  

   by 
  a 
  layer 
  of 
  ashes 
  which 
  have 
  stuck 
  to 
  their 
  surface. 
  They 
  are 
  

   kno^vn 
  as 
  " 
  arch 
  '' 
  or 
  " 
  eye 
  " 
  brick. 
  The 
  salmon 
  brick 
  are 
  gen- 
  

   erally 
  to 
  be 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  upper 
  courses 
  of 
  the 
  kiln, 
  and 
  they 
  together 
  

   with 
  the 
  arch 
  brick 
  may 
  at 
  times 
  form 
  an 
  appreciable 
  percentage 
  

   ■of 
  the 
  product. 
  

  

  Up-di*aft 
  kilns 
  are 
  cheaper 
  to 
  construct, 
  and 
  easier 
  to 
  keep 
  in 
  

   repair 
  than 
  the 
  down-draft 
  kilns, 
  for 
  the 
  latter 
  have 
  the 
  bag 
  walls 
  

   on 
  the 
  interior 
  and 
  usually 
  an 
  arched 
  roof, 
  both 
  of 
  which 
  require 
  

   constant 
  attention, 
  and 
  at 
  times 
  may 
  necessitate 
  expensive 
  repairs. 
  

  

  Down-draft 
  kilns. 
  In 
  these 
  the 
  fire 
  is 
  conducted 
  along 
  the 
  in- 
  

   terior 
  to 
  the 
  top 
  of 
  the 
  kiln 
  by 
  means 
  of 
  bags, 
  or 
  '^ 
  pockets 
  " 
  as 
  they 
  

  

  