﻿CLAYS 
  OF 
  NEW 
  YORK 
  721 
  

  

  The 
  clav 
  (PL 
  22) 
  is 
  dug 
  by 
  means 
  of 
  a 
  plow 
  and 
  loaded 
  on 
  cars, 
  

   wliich 
  are 
  dra\^m 
  to 
  the 
  yard 
  by 
  horses, 
  where 
  it 
  is 
  discharged 
  

   either 
  into 
  the 
  rolls 
  for 
  the 
  soft 
  mud 
  machine 
  or 
  is 
  carried 
  

   to 
  a 
  conveyer 
  that 
  discharges 
  it 
  into 
  a 
  series 
  of 
  rolls 
  and 
  pug 
  mills 
  

   (PI. 
  27), 
  which 
  temper 
  it 
  for 
  the 
  stiff 
  mud 
  machine. 
  The 
  latter 
  is 
  

   used 
  only 
  for 
  drain 
  tile 
  and 
  hollow 
  bricks. 
  

  

  All 
  the 
  drying 
  is 
  done 
  on 
  pallet 
  racks, 
  some 
  of 
  which 
  are 
  pro- 
  

   vided 
  with 
  a 
  movable 
  roof 
  to 
  allow 
  the 
  sunlight 
  to 
  enter 
  (PI. 
  37). 
  

   The 
  kilns 
  are 
  mostly 
  of 
  the 
  Wingard 
  type, 
  but 
  there 
  are 
  also 
  four 
  

   round 
  doA\Ti-draft 
  kilns 
  for 
  burning 
  the 
  hollow 
  ware, 
  and 
  a 
  con- 
  

   tinuous 
  kiln 
  (PL 
  47) 
  which 
  is 
  used 
  for 
  burning 
  common 
  brick. 
  

  

  The 
  product 
  finds 
  a 
  ready 
  market 
  in 
  Rochester. 
  

  

  The 
  lower 
  clay 
  alone 
  is 
  used 
  for 
  making 
  tile, 
  while 
  a 
  mixture 
  ol 
  

   the 
  top 
  and 
  bottom 
  clays 
  works 
  best 
  in 
  making 
  the 
  bricks. 
  

  

  The 
  lower 
  or 
  tile 
  clay, 
  as 
  it 
  is 
  called, 
  is 
  very 
  plastic, 
  but 
  requires 
  

   only 
  20^ 
  of 
  water 
  to 
  temper 
  it. 
  The 
  air 
  shrinkage 
  is 
  9^^, 
  and 
  

   the 
  tensile 
  strength 
  of 
  the 
  air-dried 
  briquettes 
  ranges 
  from 
  100 
  to 
  

   130 
  pounds 
  a 
  square 
  inch 
  with 
  an 
  average 
  of 
  120 
  pounds. 
  

  

  Incipient 
  fusion 
  occurs 
  at 
  cone 
  .05, 
  vitrification 
  at 
  .01, 
  and 
  vis- 
  

   cosity 
  at 
  cone 
  2-3. 
  At 
  incipient 
  fusion 
  the 
  total 
  shrinkage 
  was 
  12/^ 
  

   and 
  the 
  color 
  red; 
  at 
  vitrification, 
  16^. 
  The 
  soluble 
  salts 
  were 
  .^io. 
  

   The 
  brick 
  mixture 
  is 
  more 
  sandy, 
  but 
  is 
  also 
  very 
  plastic, 
  and 
  yet 
  

   not 
  so 
  tenacious. 
  It 
  takes 
  18^ 
  of 
  water 
  to 
  work 
  it 
  up, 
  and 
  the 
  

   bricklets 
  have 
  an 
  air 
  shrinkage 
  of 
  7^^. 
  The 
  tensile 
  strength 
  ranges 
  

   from 
  110 
  to 
  120 
  pounds 
  a 
  square 
  inch. 
  Incipient 
  fusion 
  occurs 
  at 
  

   cone 
  .05 
  with 
  a 
  shrinkage 
  of 
  10^. 
  The 
  clay 
  vitrifies 
  at 
  cone 
  .01 
  

   A^-ith 
  a 
  total 
  shrinkage 
  of 
  16^, 
  and 
  a 
  deep 
  red 
  color. 
  It 
  becomes 
  

   viscous 
  at 
  cone 
  2-3. 
  

  

  A 
  mechanical 
  analysis 
  of 
  the 
  clay 
  gave 
  : 
  

  

  Clay 
  and 
  silt 
  72 
  . 
  90 
  

  

  Fine 
  sand 
  ^ 
  27.85 
  

  

  100.75 
  

   The 
  soluble 
  salts 
  were 
  .35;^. 
  

  

  