﻿804 
  NEW 
  YORK 
  STATE 
  MTTSETO 
  

  

  which 
  may 
  be 
  present. 
  A 
  wet 
  pan 
  will 
  grind 
  a 
  charge 
  of 
  clay 
  in 
  

   about 
  10 
  minutes. 
  

  

  Pug 
  mills. 
  Those 
  used 
  in 
  pottery 
  m-anufacture 
  consist 
  of 
  an 
  

   upright 
  rectangular 
  box, 
  in 
  which 
  revolves 
  a 
  vertical 
  shaft, 
  bearing 
  

   iron 
  blades. 
  The 
  clay 
  is 
  charged 
  at 
  the 
  top, 
  and 
  is 
  slowly 
  forced 
  

   downward 
  to 
  the 
  opening 
  at 
  the 
  bottom 
  of 
  the 
  box, 
  at 
  the 
  same 
  

   time 
  going 
  through 
  a 
  thorough 
  mixing 
  action. 
  

  

  Molding 
  

  

  Pottery 
  is 
  molded 
  in 
  four 
  different 
  ways, 
  turning, 
  jollying^ 
  

   casting, 
  and 
  pressing. 
  

  

  The 
  clay 
  after 
  coming 
  from 
  the 
  presses, 
  is 
  first 
  wedged, 
  that 
  is 
  

   a 
  lump 
  of 
  the 
  desired 
  size 
  is 
  cut 
  in 
  two 
  by 
  a 
  wire, 
  the 
  two 
  halves 
  

   united 
  by 
  bringing 
  them 
  down 
  on 
  the 
  table 
  with 
  much 
  force, 
  the 
  

   piece 
  cut 
  again, 
  the 
  two 
  halves 
  once 
  more 
  united, 
  and 
  so 
  on, 
  the 
  

   object 
  being 
  to 
  subject 
  the 
  clay 
  to 
  a 
  kneading 
  action, 
  whereby 
  all 
  

   the 
  air 
  bubbles 
  are 
  eliminated. 
  

  

  This 
  operation 
  is 
  accomplished 
  in 
  many 
  European 
  factories 
  by 
  

   a 
  kneading 
  machine, 
  which 
  consists 
  of 
  a 
  circular 
  table 
  about 
  6 
  feet 
  

   in 
  diameter, 
  whose 
  upper 
  surface 
  slopes 
  outward. 
  On 
  this 
  are 
  two< 
  

   conical 
  rolls, 
  20 
  to 
  30 
  inches 
  in 
  diameter 
  and 
  about 
  8 
  inches 
  wide. 
  

   These 
  rolls 
  have 
  corrugated 
  rims, 
  and 
  are 
  attached 
  to 
  opposite 
  ends 
  

   on 
  a 
  horizontal 
  axis, 
  having 
  a 
  slight 
  vertical 
  play. 
  The 
  clay 
  is 
  laid 
  

   on 
  the 
  table 
  and 
  as 
  the 
  rolls 
  travel 
  around 
  on 
  it 
  the 
  clay 
  is 
  spread 
  

   out 
  into 
  a 
  broad 
  band. 
  A 
  second 
  axle 
  carries 
  two 
  other 
  pairs 
  of 
  

   rolls 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  shape 
  but 
  smaller 
  size, 
  which 
  travel 
  around 
  in 
  a 
  

   horizontal 
  plane. 
  These 
  rolls 
  press 
  the 
  band 
  of 
  clay 
  together 
  again. 
  

   In 
  this 
  way 
  the 
  clay 
  is 
  subjected 
  to 
  alternating 
  vertical 
  and 
  lateral 
  

   pressure 
  and 
  all 
  air 
  spaces 
  are 
  thus 
  thoroughly 
  closed. 
  The 
  rolls 
  

   make 
  10 
  to 
  12 
  revolutions 
  a 
  minute, 
  and 
  a 
  machine 
  kneads 
  two 
  to- 
  

   three 
  charges 
  of 
  350 
  pounds 
  each 
  in 
  an 
  hour. 
  

  

  Turning. 
  This 
  is 
  done 
  on 
  a 
  rapidly 
  revolving 
  horizontal 
  wheel. 
  

   The 
  potter 
  takes 
  the 
  lump 
  of 
  clay, 
  places 
  it 
  on 
  the 
  revolving 
  disk, 
  

   and, 
  after 
  wetting 
  the 
  surface 
  with 
  a 
  slip 
  of 
  clay 
  and 
  water, 
  gradu- 
  

  

  