244 



The Philippine Journal of Science 



1914 



the operator may use only third- and fourth-group woods, the 

 charcoal obtained is first class. A cubic meter of wood yields 

 0.8 cubic meter or 14 bushels of charcoal, weighing 155 kilo- 

 grams. The following table contains the proximate and the 

 ultimate analyses of a representative sample of the charcoal 

 produced, with a chemical analysis of the ash from the same 

 sample. 



Table III. — Proximate and ultimate analyses of Bulacan charcoal and 

 chemical analysis of the ash content.^ 



Proximate analysis: 



Moisture 



Volatile combustible matter 



Fixed carbon 



Ash 



Total 



Ultimate analysis: 



Carbon 



Hydrogen 



Nitrogen 



Oxygen (by difference) 



Sulphur 



Total 



Ash analysis: 



Silica (Si02) - 



Ferric oxide and alumina (R2O3) 



Lime (CaO) 



Magnesium oxide (MgO) 



Potassium oxide (K2O) 



Sodium oxide (Na20) 



Phosphoric anhydride (P2O5)--- 



Total 



Per cent. 



4.48 

 11.23 

 81.17 



3.12 



100.00 



83.36 

 2.82 

 0.47 

 6.75 



trace 



100.00 



2.89 



12.58 



66.73 



8.58 



5.48 



3.65 



trace 



99.91 



* Analyzed by T. Dar Juan, chemist. Bureau of Science. 



The process of smelting. — The furnace is in blast night and 

 day, and the following personnel is required for the two daily 

 shifts: An administrative superintendent {encargado) , who is 

 also clerk and storekeeper; a technical superintendent (maestro), 

 who is in charge of the smelting ; an assistant maestro, who acts 

 as maestro on the night shift; 2 mold men {hraganantes) ,^'^ 



" The term "braganante" may have come into use through the work of 

 the molders in continually raising and lowering the mold frames from the 

 seat of forked sticks upon which they rest and in lashing and unlashing 

 the mold covers. The root of the word appears to have an application 

 in Spanish to a fork or crotch of a tree and in military usage to a rope 

 used for lashing. 



