IX, A, 4 Cox et al. : Water Supplies in the Philippines 285 



was reserved from settlement and guarded against trespassing. 

 From this dam the water is allowed to flow through pipes to a 

 . large open reservoir having a capacity of 206,000 cubic meters 

 (54,500,000 U. S. gallons) and to a small reserve reservoir hav- 

 ing a capacity of 68,130 cubic meters (18,000,000 U. S. gallons). 

 This installation furnishes an adequate supply of water for the 

 city for almost the entire year, though in case of a long-continued 

 dry season it is sometimes necessary to use the old intake to 

 supplement this supply. At such times, guards are stationed 

 along Mariquina River to prevent pollution of the stream. 

 Though the water supplied to the city is not absolutely safe, 

 it is an improvement over that of the old source, as is shown 

 by health conditions. 



The city of Manila has about 225,000 inhabitants, and uses 

 approximately 48,000 cubic meters (12,700,000 U. S. gallons) 

 of water per day. The daily per capita consumption is about 

 214 liters (56.5 U. S. gallons) as compared with a weighted 

 average of 378.5 liters (100 U. S. gallons) per capita for rep- 

 resentative American cities.*^ Water is delivered free at public 

 hydrants, from which many of the Filipinos carry it, generally 

 in open 5-gallon kerosene cans, to their homes, where it is often 

 kept in ollas. 



At the present time the water is unfiltered, but it is treated 

 with enough chloride of lime before entering the city mains to 

 correspond to an addition of 1 part of "available chlorine" in 

 2,000,000 parts of water. The chlorination has not appreciably 

 lowered the bacterial count in the tap water, probably, because 

 of the large amount of suspended organic matter. The water 

 almost always contains amoebse, ciliates, and flagellates, but until 

 very recently organisms of the Bacillus coli group were rarely 

 present. 



Cebu ivater supply. — At Cebu a dam capable of impounding 

 1,260,000 cubic meters (333,000,000 U. S. gallons) of water from 

 an uninhabited watershed has been constructed. In addition, 

 a distributing system has been installed. The new waterworks 

 were completed early in 1912. 



SURFACE WELLS 



It is difficult at best to get pure water from a surface well, 

 and more difficult to keep the supply pure and unpolluted. E. 

 Bartow ^ reports that 2,638, or 43 per cent, of 5,587 shallow wells 



'■Johnson, U. S. Geol. Surv., Water-Supply Paper (1913), 315, 17. See 

 also. Salt, This Journal, Sec. D (1913), 8, 165. 

 'Ind. San. and W. S. A. (1913), 86-90. 



