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recognize this condition and 

 drive their flocks up from 

 the warmer valley into the 

 mountain recesses, confi- 

 dent that both distance 

 and elevation will be off- 

 set by the extensive pas- 

 tures of the finest ichu 

 grass. Indeed, to be near 

 the grazing grounds of 

 sheep and llamas which are 

 their principal means of 

 subsistence, the Indians 

 have built their huts at the 

 extraordinarily lofty eleva- 

 tions of 16,000 to 17,000 feet. 



An examination of a 

 large number of these val- 

 leys and the plotting of 

 their gradients discloses 

 the striking fact that the 

 heads of the valleys were 

 deeply sunk into the moun- 

 tains. It is thus possible 

 by restoring the preglacial 

 profiles to measure with 

 considerable certainty the 

 excess of ice over water 

 erosion. 



The results are graphi- 

 cally expressed in Fig. 202. 

 It will be seen that until 

 glacial conditions inter- 

 vened the stream was flow- 

 ing on a rock floor. During 

 the whole of glacial time it 



