356 ^^6 Philippine Journal of Science i9i6 



This larva is an example of the form of protective mimicry 

 alluded to by Poulton under pseudaposematic colors." 



Poulton " mentions and gives a figure of an Indian larva, a 

 species of Ophideres allied to 0. tyrannus, which possesses ter- 

 rifying eyelike spots similar to those of the larva of tyrannus, 

 and which assumes a terrifying attitude — 



by doubling the front part of its body beneath the rest, the bend being made 

 at the spot where the eye-like marks are placed so that the latter are 

 brought into an appropriate position at the anterior end, while the real 

 head is, of course, concealed under the body. 



This attitude, which is also assumed by 0. tyrannus, is well 

 figured by Nawa.^® When the larva wishes to assume a terrify- 

 ing attitude, it elevates the anal segments and doubles segments 1 

 to 5 beneath the succeeding ones, making the eyelike spots on 

 segments 6 and 7 very conspicuous. My artist has not figured 

 tyrannus in a terrifying attitude, but it will be noted that in 

 Plate III, fig. 3, the anal segments are elevated, giving also a 

 minatory aspect to the posterior segments of the larva, so that 

 it is apparently protected fore and aft. 



The imago lies concealed in dark places in the daytime, and 

 can only be taken by beating, as it does not come to light nor to 

 sugar. It is commonly known among professional Japanese 

 collectors as ki-no-ha to7^a, or the leaf tiger, as when at rest it 

 resembles a dead leaf. The orange underwings are exposed only 

 in fiight and are then very conspicuous. This species, therefore, 

 is protected in both the larval and imago stages. 



Leech remarks : 



the primaries of the wings of the imago vary considerably in tint and in 

 the amount of green markings and some specimens seem to agree with 

 the form described by Staudinger as var. amurensis, in which the primaries 

 are unicolorous brown, darker than is usual in tjrpical examples. There 

 are all intergrades, between this form and the type occurring in China. 



Matsumura records Ophideres tyrannus from Hokkaido 

 (Yezo), Honshu, and Kyushu and from India and China. He 

 records var. amurensis from Japan and eastern Siberia (Ussuri, 

 Amurland). I have captured it in Honshu during all months 

 from May to December, with the exception of July. 



Sasaki '° states that the larva appears about July and feeds 



" See Wileman, loc. cit. 



"Colours of Animals (1890), 263, fig. 57, Indian larva (Ophideres). 

 This is probably the Indian form of 0. tyrannus, which is also recorded 

 from Calcutta and the Himalayas. 



''Insect World (Konchu Sekai) (1912), 16, 41 (woodcut); Ibid. (1908), 

 12, PI. 8, fig. 3. 



^"Insects Injurious to Fruit Trees (Kwaju Gaichuhen) (1911), 167. 



