366 The Philippine Journal of Science^ 1915 



cf. Apical cell of tegmen not petiolate ^ Darninae. 



d'. Apical cell of tegmen petiolate, the adjacent cells touching 

 before it. 



e*. Tegmina opaque, veins not distinguishable Tragopinae. 



e^. Tegmina membranous, veins distinct '. Smiliinae. 



b^. Posterior tarsi very short, much shorter than anterior or interme- 

 diate Hoplophorinse. 



a'. Scutellum present and usually, but not always, uncovered Centrotinae. 



DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERS OF THE CENTROTIN^ 



It is interesting to note that only one of these subfamilies — the 

 Centrotinae — is represented in the species thus far taken in 

 the Islands.^ This subfamily is the dominent subfamily in the 

 East Indies and the Orient, but other subfamilies are found in 

 India and in Australia and may appear in the Philippine fauna, 

 in which case the above table will be available. 



The presence of the scutellum, which is the subfamily char- 

 acter, can sometimes be determined only by dissection, but in 

 most cases this structure is plainly visible at the sides or just 

 beneath the posterior process of the pronotum. In all cases 

 the pronotum is greatly developed, completely covering the 

 mesonotum and the metanotum in the adult insect. The anterior 

 pronotum is often produced in horns and spines, the function 

 of which is conjectural. 



HISTORICAL AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL 



Most of the species found in the Islands were described by 

 Walker, Stal, Buckton, and Distant. Walker's descriptions 

 are most unsatisfactory, and some of his species will, perhaps, 

 be located only by reference to type material. Stal's work is 

 so excellent as to need no comment; his genera and species 

 are evidently the result of careful study and should be recog- 

 nized if found. Buckton's contribution to the Philippine faunal 

 literature is negligible, but his species must remain in the 

 synonymy until they can be definitely located. Distant's de- 

 scriptions are uniformly excellent and his figures good, but his 

 types are from British India, and his species cannot perhaps 

 be placed with absolute certainty from Philippine material, 

 although it seems that one or two are identical. 



In the bibliography which is given for each species it has been 

 necessary greatly to abbreviate the titles and references, which 



' Buckton has described two species of the subfamily Membracinae as 

 noted later in the text, but it seems inadvisable to recognize them here 

 from the evidence at hand. 



