1866.J HAKKNESS AND NICHOLSON LAKE COUNTRY. 483 



stone ; and the upper portion is a series of dark- grey sedimentary 

 rocks, which, as it yields valuable flags, has been designated by 

 Professor Sedgwick the Coniston Flags. The higher portion of this 

 upper series is made up of coarser rocks, termed Coniston Grits by 

 Professor Sedgwick ; and these form the top of the Lower Silurian 

 series of the Lake-country. 



The fossils of the lower portion of the Bala or Caradoc group have 

 been already mentioned*. Those of the middle part of the series, 

 and also some of those of the upper portion, have been alluded to by 

 Professor Sedgwick f. Of the latter there occurs in an old flag- 

 quarry in Long Sleddale Graptolites Ludensis ; and in the quarry now 

 wrought at Eandy Pike, between Ambleside and Hawkshead, Pha- 

 cops obtusicaudatus, Salter, Orihoceras filosum, 0. tenuistriatum, and 

 0. suhannulatum are found. 



The Coniston Flags, which are extensively worked at Broughton 

 Moor and Kirkby Ireleth Moor, afford additional fossils. These 

 consist of Diplograpsus pristis (which occurs in a high state of relief), 

 Orthis crispa, and Cardiola interrupta. 



In the Furness district, to which Broughton Moor and Kirkby 

 Ireleth Moor belong, the three members of the Caradoc formation 

 are well represented, and they are the only Silurian rocks which 

 there occur. Their appearance in this district, to the exclusion of 

 other Silurian rocks, results from two faults, having north-east and 

 south-west directions, with downthrows towards the north-west. 

 These faults were alluded to by Professor Sedgwick at the Aberdeen 

 meeting of the British Association. 



One of these faults crosses the country about two miles south of 

 Broughton in Furness, near Eake End, where the coarser beds of 

 the Upper Caradoc, the Coniston Grits, are seen. Immediately south 

 of Eake End is a mossy flat ; and to the south of this flat, at Bank 

 End Hill, the Lower Caradoc appears in the form of porphyry. In 

 the mossy interspace the fault occurs. Southward from the porphyry 

 the Coniston Limestone is found, having been worked at Gill End 

 Gill, a short distance south-east of the village of Soutergate ; and 

 south-east of the limestone the Coniston Flags again make their 

 appearance. A more southern fault, parallel to the one just alluded 

 to, occurs a little north of Dalton in Furness. This also brings 

 up on its south-east side the Coniston Limestone, which is seen at 

 High Haume. 



Such are the two faults and their results ; and had they been 

 traced north-eastward, they would have been found to extend beyond 

 the Furness district. 



The Coniston Flags at Eoss House, near Ulverston, affbrd Cardiola 

 interrupta ; and the same rocks a little nearer Ulverston, at Games- 

 well, yield Actinocrinus pulcher greatly distorted by cleavage. The 

 fossils from these localities, and also those from Broughton Moor 

 and Kirkby Ireleth Moor, have been collected by Mr. J. P. Morris, 

 of Ulverston. 



At Lowick, west of the Crake, which flows out of Coniston Lake, 



* Loc. cit. supra, p. 243. t British Palaeozoic Fossils, p. 356. 



