1898.] The Revd. P. O. Bodding— 0/i Santal Salutations. 107 



a Pheasant and a domestic Fowl, in England. A Hierococcyx appeared 

 to have its feet drawn up in a short flicrht. 



Domestic fowls, however, in their short flights, usually carry their 

 feet in front, and this I noticed in a young Centropus I had free but 

 tame in the Mnseura compound, and in a Koel in the large aviary above 

 referred to. As this is done by Pigeons also wlien starting, though tliey 

 afterwards extend their feet behind, I do not feel absolutely certain 

 about the Woodpeckers, Barbets and Hoopoes, but as I never saw any 

 backward extension of the feet in these birds, I tiiink that the forward 

 position is really the permanent one in tliem, though I should have 

 liked a good look at a bird in a long fliglit overliead, at liberty if possible. 



With regard to the Parrot and Roller, though these birds wore 

 confined, the former had plenty of room for a long flight, and as to the 

 latter, I have never met with any bird which first extends its feet 

 behind and then draws them up, so thnt I consider the observations on 

 these as sufiiciently conclusive for the species in question, if not for 

 their allies. 



From these experiences I conclude, that supposing the same habit 

 of carrying the feet to run through a family, the forward position of the 

 feet in flight probably characterises Hoopoes, Woodpeckers, and Barbets, 

 and the backward one certainly obtains among Kingfishers, Rollers, 

 Hornbills, Cuckoos, and Parrots. 



5. Oil the different kinds of salutation used by the Santals. — By The 

 Revd. P. 0. Bodding, MuMtlpahari, Santal Farganas, 



(Abstract.) 



The Santals have different forms of saluting each other varying 

 according to their mutual family position. Their social position has, on 

 account of their patriarchial organization, no influence in this respect, as, 

 e.cjT., even ^ par g ana or overchief will have to bow to a poor rajot if this 

 last one has a higher family position. 



Equals alone salute each other in a manner equal on both sides ; if 

 one of the saluting parties has a higher family position than the other one, 

 this is most clearly shown in their manner of saluting each other, the 

 inferior person having to make his obeisance, the higher one receiving the 

 salute. Their customs of salutation are beautiful. 



The Santal name for salutation is johar, and they have four dif- 

 ferent kinds, viz. (1) dohoh' johar (lit., bow-salutation), used between 

 all people of whom one has a higher family position than the other, and 

 wh.0 have not to use any of the other kinds of salutation. The inferior 

 person, whether man or woman, bows to the superior one, men in one 

 way, women in another, and the higher one receives or acknowledges 

 the salutation, men in their manner, and women in their. 



