22 Ujfalvy's Geographical KesearcJies in Turlcistan. [Jan-. 



study its inhabitants and monuments quite at my ease. In this manner 

 I travelled 655 kilometres, passing through Marghilan, Wadil, Shah-i- 

 Mardan (lake Kiitban Kul), TJch-Kurgan, Naukat, Osh, Andijan, Naman- 

 gan, Kassan and Tiis (called by the Russians Tchust) . 



" As regards ethnology, I have succeeded in measuring more than 200 

 individuals ; and have studied the manners, customs, creeds and languages 

 of the different races inhabiting Farghanah. I have collected specimens of 

 the flora and fauna of the country, with fragments of its minerals, and 

 have made enquiries as to the productive powers of the soil and the pro- 

 ducts of national industry. I have purchased all objects which appeared 

 to me to give a fairly correct idea of this industry. Finally I have made 

 a collection of Greek, Bactrian, Arab and other coins, and have studied the 

 archaeological remains of the country. A few details of the results of these 

 studies will acquaint you at once with my researches. 



" Farghana is with the district of Zaraf shan the only fertile tract in 

 Russian Central Asia which appears to have a future more or less close at 

 hand from the point of view of the political economist. The country 

 appears to be an oblong valley, of elliptical form, shut in on nearly all 

 sides. The nucleus of this valley is surrounded with a triple ring of moun- 

 tains of a diverse character. The centre also shows three zones entirely 

 unlike one another. 



" Let us run rapidly through these six zones, starting from the centre, 

 that is to say from the banks of the Sir Daria. 



" The first zone, about the banks of the Sir Daria, the Narin and the 

 Kara Daria, is nearl}' everywhere sandy, rarely grassy ; here and there, an 

 oasis of verdure appears, the ephemeral existence of which is often depen- 

 dent on storms and moving sands. A few Usbegs and some poor Kara- 

 Kalpaks nomadise about these inhospitable tracts. 



" The second zone, fortunately more extensive than the first, is the most 

 fertile in the country. It is a succession of gardens, fields of wheat, maize, 

 iugara, cotton, vineyards and meadows. In the same way as oases are rare 

 in the first zone, parts covered with sands or moorland are unfrequent in the 

 second. It is the garden of Farghana, and the tract situated between 

 Andijan and Namangan, called Eki-su-arasi, is particularly distinguished 

 by its incomparable fertility. In this zone the great commercial centres 

 of the country are to be found, such as Khokand (as a Sart town much 

 above Tashkend in every way), Marghilan (the new Russian capital), Osh, 

 Andijan and Namangan. The most numerous inhabitants of this tract are 

 the Sarts (a mixture of Tajiks, Usbegs and occasionally of Kirghiz), the 

 Usbegs and the Kipchaks, Tajiks, Turuks, Kashgarians, Kara Kalpaks, 

 Jews, Louli gypsies, Mazang gypsies, Kara Kirghiz, Hindustanis and 

 Afghans are also to be found there. 



