1878.] H. G. Keene — JYotes on a Map of tie Mughal Empire. 153 



after all claims to Kandahar and other northern Provinces had been aban- 

 doned, and before the Mahratta confederacy had begun to dispute the 

 Mughal supremacy in the jsouth. 



Originally, the Empire as described by Abul Fazl in the 40th year of 

 Akbar consisted of twelve subahs besides later-acquired territory which had 

 not at that time been completely organised with the Imperial Cosmos. 

 In later times, the number of these provinces averaged twenty ; for, though 

 there are as many as twenty-seven named in some lists, yet they are either 

 produced by splitting lesser provinces or such as were never held all at one 

 period. The land revenue of the twelve subahs is stated by Abul Fazl to 

 have aggregated over nine hrors of Rupees, a sum which in his detailed 

 lists, with the addition of land and sea-customs and income derived from 

 the inorganised provinces of Sindh and Kashmir, he brings to nearly one 

 Icror more, or say Rs. 99,613,850. A large but unascertained contribution 

 must also be allowed in the services of the Bumi (or " landivehr'") a large 

 irregular militia of horse, foot, and artillery assessed on the various districts 

 independent of the levies maintained by the Mansabdars and the standing 

 army of the Crown. 



It would be indecorous to omit the mention of Mr. E. Thomas, F. R. S. 

 in this connection. That distinguished scholar and numismatist has on 

 various occasions (see his Frinsep, Vol. II., his Chronicles, and Revenue 

 Mesources) made efforts to bring the figures of the Ain into harmony with 

 estimates elsewhere derived. Finding, for example, that an accountant of 

 Akbar's estimated the total revenue at 640,000,000 tankas, Mr. Thomas 

 concludes that this equals £32,000,000 sterling, and hence concludes that 

 Abul Fazl has meant to state double the figures that he has stated, and that 

 this must be doubled again by the addition of what in modern Anglo-Indian 

 parlance is called "Separate Revenue." Four times ten however would 

 not yield thirty-two, but forty — even if the exchange value of ten Rupees 

 to one pound English could be proved to have obtained in Akbar's time, of 

 which there is no proof. Moreover, the proposed emendation of the text 

 (from " three" to " six" arhs of dams) does violence to all known versions 

 of the Ain Alchari. 



The following is a strict translation of the important words, taken 

 from Professor Blochmann, Calcutta, text III, 386 ; — 



" In the 40th year of his reign the Emperor Akbar had a decennial 

 settlement of his dominions at the annual revenue of three arls, sixty-two 

 hrors J ninety- seven lakhs, fifty-five thousand, one hundred and forty-six 

 dams, or Rs. 90,749,881-2-5." 



This tallies with other texts including the Lakhnau lithograph of 

 Munshi Nawal Kishor, which is highly esteemed by native scholars. 



Four other provinces are mentioned by Abul Fazl ; namely, those of 



