1878.] W. Theobald— iff?*^ and Fresl-water Sliells. 157 



with the totals o£ other lists. Of these the mean is about three and a half 

 Jcrors, while his total, as we see, is nearly thirty-two ; and there can be 

 little doubt that this is near the correct figure. It is not, however, so 

 clear what it represents in the modern figures. It is true that the Euj^ee 

 of those days contained about the same quantity of silver as does that of 

 our own days : but we have the positive testimony of Manucci that the 

 exchange value of the Rupee in the European currency of his day was 

 " trente sols,^^ or fifteen pence. In this he is confirmed by Tavernier, who 

 says that fourteen Rupees were worth twenty-one livres tournois. Ma- 

 nucci's total therefore would be nearly worth twenty millions sterling. 



It is a farther question, whether the separate revenue was equal in 

 amount, or nearly so ? The ansv/er seems to be that the separate revenue 

 was derived from sources too vague and fluctuating to" be so estimated. It 

 chiefly came from escheats and fines — to speak according to European 

 usage — and the amount must have dej^ended upon the character of the 

 sovereign, the longevity of incumbents, and similar things, to an extent 

 which would make it impossible to make an approximation for any one 

 year. 



Lastly, it is to be noted that, besides the provinces named above, the 

 Empire had, for a few years of Aurangzib's reign, a claim — more or less 

 practically exercised — to parts of the Balaghat, and the Malabar and Coro- 

 mandel Coasts. But these were never made into regularly organised 

 Subahs, nor did they appear upon the rolls, and they soon became totally 

 independent. 



2. Land and Fresh-waier Shells of Kashmir. — By W. Theobald. 



(Abstract.) 



Enumerates 53 species of shells noticed by the author and 11 recorded 

 species, in all 61j ; of these two are new species, Hemiplecta Jamuensis and 

 Fisidium Hydaspicola^ and a variety of Helicarion 'Fleming ii^ Pf. var. 

 altivagus, Theob. which may possibly be entitled to specific rank when 

 more specimens have been examined. 



The Peesident called attention to the importance of local lists like 

 the present. Kashmir is a country on the borders of two great zoological 

 regions, the Palsearctic and the Oriental, and like similar countries elsewhere, 

 it jDossesses a fauna in which the distinctive forms of the two regions are 

 blended in a very curious way. In the upper Indus valley the fauna is 

 purely Palsearctic, but in Kashmir itself there is an admixture of Palaearctic 

 forms with Oriental types allied for the most part to animals inhabiting the 

 Himalayas. 



