GLOSSARY. 



82; 



Cardinal process — in brachiopods, the 

 process extending from under the 

 beak of the brachial valve to which 

 the diductor (opening) muscles are 

 attached (see Fig. 261). 

 Cardinal quadrants — two quadrants 

 of a Tetracorallum which bound 

 the main or cardinal septum. 

 Cardinal septum — the first or main of 

 the four primary septa of a Tetra- 

 corallum ; the cardinal septum has 

 the pinnate arrangement of the 

 secondary septa on both sides (see 

 Fig. 75). 

 Cardinal teeth — in pelecypods, the 

 teeth directly beneath the beak ; 

 lateral teeth may be present ante- 

 rior or posterior to these. 

 Carina — a raised ridge or keel. In 

 some fenestelloid and other Bryozoa, 

 a projecting ridge running down the 

 center of the branches. In Helio- 

 phyllum and some other corals, one 

 of the vertical strengthening plates 

 extending a short distance from the 

 septa ; these appear in cross-section 

 as straightened septal spines (see 

 Figs. 102, 105). In Balanus, that one 

 of the two unpaired plates of the 

 fixed tubular portion of the shell 

 which adjoins the terga ; the other 

 unpaired plate is the rostrum and the 

 paired plates the lateralia. 

 Carinated — having a ridge or keel ; in 

 corals referring to the presence of 

 carinse. 

 Carlisle — division of the Benton group, 

 lower Cretacic of Great Plains re- 

 gion. 

 Carpopodite — see XL, 388. 

 Cartilage — compressible, elastic sub- 

 stance between the hinge margins of 

 the valves of pelecypods. The carti- 

 lage (resilium) is the internal as the 

 ligament is the external medium for 

 opening the valves. 

 Cashaqua shale — upper Devonic of New 



York. 

 Cassin limestone — lower Ordovicic of 

 Champlain Valley. 



Cassville plant shale — basal bed of 



Dunkard series — Permic. 

 Cast — the impression taken from a 



mold (see I., 3). 

 Castle Mountain group — lower Cambric 



to lower Ordovicic, Canadian Rockies. 

 Cathedral formation — middle Cambric, 



Canadian Rockies. 

 Catskill beds — upper Devonic, New 



York and Pennsylvania. 

 Cattaraugus group — Devono-Mississip- 



pic of southwestern New York and 



Pennsylvania. 

 Caudagalli grits — see Esopiis shale. 

 Caudal — pertaining to the tail. 



Caudal fin — see II., 388. 

 Cedar Valley limestones — middle De- 

 vonic, Iowa. 

 Cells — for arrangement and naming of 



these in insects' wings, see IL, 423, 



and Fig. 1725. 

 Celluliferous — cell- or cup-bearing. In 



Bryozoa, referring to the zoecia ; Bry- 

 ozoa commonly have a celluliferous 



and a non-celluliferous side. 

 Centren — see Fig. 1231. 

 Centrodorsal plate — in crinoids, see Fig. 



1907. 

 Centrodorsan — see Fig. 1231. 

 Centroventran — see Fig. 1231. 

 Cephalic — referring to the cephalon or 



head. 



Cephalic border — the anterior border 

 of the cephalon of a trilobite. 



Cephalic limb — in trilobites, the lat- 

 eral area of the cephalon on either 

 side of the glabella ; this includes 

 the free and the fixed cheeks (see 

 Fig. 1586). 

 Cephalon — the head. The anterior of 



the three divisions of the dorsal test 



of trilobites. 

 Cephalothorax — the combined head and 



thorax of Crustacea (see Figs. 1692, 



1694). 

 Ceratite limestone — middle Triassic of 



California. 

 Cercopods — lateral tail spines, present 



in some of the Phyllocarida, as in 



Ceratiocaris (Fig. 1676). 



