INDEX 



559 



New species, origin of, 56 



Newton, Mr. E., on short wings of the 



Seychelles dove, 437 

 Newton, Professor, on recently extinct 



birds, 437 

 Newts, restricted range of, 30 

 New Zealand, recent glaciation of, 1(53 

 New Zealand, 471 

 geology of, 472 



form of sea-bottom around, 473 

 zoological character of, 473 

 mammalia of, 474 

 wingless birds of, 476 

 past changes of, 478 

 winged birds and lower vertebrates 



of, 482 

 deductions from peculiarities of 



fauna of, 484 

 period of its union with N. Australia, 



484 

 the flora of, 487, 506 

 origin of Australian element in the 



flora of, 498 

 tropical character of flora, 500 

 tropical genera common to Australia, 



501 

 temperate species common to Aus- 

 tralia, 502 

 route of Arctic plants to, 521 

 European plants in, 509 

 endemic genera of plants in, 526 

 great antiquity of, 526 

 Nordenskjold^ Prof., on absence of per- 

 ^ petual snow in N. Asia, 135 

 on recent milder climate in Spitz- 



bergen, 182 

 on former Polar climates, 187 

 on geology of Spitzbergen, 188 

 North America, glacial phenomena in, 

 116 

 interglacial warm periods in, 121 

 condition of, in Tertiary period, 194 

 Northern genera of plants in S. temper- 

 ate America, 521 

 hemisphere, absence of southern 



plants from, 527 

 flora, hardiness of, 528 



O. 



Ocean-currents as carriers of plants, 81 

 as affecting interglacial periods, 152 

 as determining climate, 153 

 effects of, in Tertiary times, 196 

 Oceans, Darwin on permanence of, 100 

 fresh arguments for permanence 

 of, 105 

 Oceanic and continental islands, 242 

 Oceanic islands a proof of the perman- 

 ence of oceans, 100 

 Oceanic islands, 244 

 — the Azores, 247 

 general remarks on, 329 

 Octodontidse, 27 

 (Enanthe Jluviatilis, 362 

 (Eninghen, Miocene flora of, 183 

 (Enothera odorata, on a railway bank, 

 614 



Ojtkrys apifera, temporary appearance of, 



514 

 Orchidea^, species have restricted ranges, 



505 

 Orchids, abundance of, in I3ourlx)n and 

 Mauritius, 446 

 why almost universal in the tropics, 

 446 

 Orders, distribution of, 30 

 Organic change dependent on change of 



conditions, 225, 228 

 Oriental region, definition of, 44 

 mammals and birds of, 44 

 reptiles of, 45 

 insects of, 45 

 Origin of new species, 56, 60 

 of new genera, 61 

 of the Galapagos flora, 289 

 of the beetles of St. Helena, 298 

 of the Australian element in the New 

 Zealand flora, 498 

 Orkney, peculiar fishes of, 341 

 Orthonyx not a New Zealand genus, 



483 

 Osprey, wide range of, 15 

 Ostriches, limitation of, 30 

 Otter-like mammal in New Zealand, 475 

 Overlapping and discontinuous areas, 28 



P. 



Palsearctic Region, limits of, 39 

 characteristic features of, 41 



Palaeozoic formations, depths of, round 

 London, 218 



Palm confined to Round Island, 444 



Panax, fossil in Greenland, 186 



Papilio, 17 



Paraguay, no wild horses or cattle in, 226 



Parnassius, Palaearctic, 42 



Parus ater, 19 



P. borealis. 19, 64 



P. britannicus, 321 



P. camtschatkensis, 19 



P. ductus, 20 



P. coeruleus, 20 



P. cyaneuSy 20 



P. cristatus, 20 



P. ledouci, 20 



P. lugubris, 20 



P. major, 19 



P. palustris, 19 ; discontinuous area of, 65 



P. {acredula) rosea, 340 



P. teneHffce, 20 



Passeres of the Sandwich Islands, 315 



Past changes of New Zealand, 478 



Payer, Lieut., on evaporation of ice dur- 

 ing the Arctic summer, 140 



Peculiar fauna of New Zealand, deduc- 

 tions from, 484 



Pengelly, Mr., on submerged forests, 334 



Pennula ecaudata, in Sandwich Islands, 

 313 



Permanence of continents, summary of 

 evidence for, 103 



Permian formation, indications of ice- 

 action in, 200 



