72 W. UPHAM — DERIVATION OP KAMES, ESKERS, AND MORAINES. 



as almost destitute of enclosed drift, excepting very near its base ; while 

 the second considers the bottom of the ice as an eroding rasp or plow 

 and its lowest quarter or third as a vehicle and mill in which the greater 

 part of the bowlders, gravel, sand and clay of the drift were borne 

 forward and intermingled. 



Several examples of exceptionally massive and conspicuous kames, 

 eskers and moraines, which I have examined and studied in the United 

 States and Manitoba, are described in this paper, special attention being 

 directed to the evidences that they were derived chiefly from englacial 

 drift. Having thus shown that the ice-sheet transported much drift 

 within its mass, reasons are adduced for believing that likewise nearly 

 all of the materials of our smaller accumulations of these i^inds, and also 

 the valley drift, were of englacial origin. Further we will inquire to what 

 extent and how the englacial drift appears to have contributed to the 

 subglacial till forming drumlins and the general ground moraine. 



Previous literature on this subject supplies the following citations of 

 authors who believe that there was much englacial drift : 



J. D. Dana : Transactions Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, vol. ii, 

 1870, pp. 66-86. American Journal of Science, iii, vol. v, pp. 198-211, March, 

 1873, and numerous papers in vols, x, xii, xxiii, xxiv, xxvi, and xxvii, 1875-1884, 

 Manual of Geology, first edition, 1862, p. 547 ; second (1874) and third (1880) edi- 

 tions, p. 543. 



N. S. Shaler: Proceedings Boston Society of Natural History, vol. xiii, 1870, pp. 

 196-204. U. S. Geological Survey, Seventh Annual Eeport, for 1885-'86 (pub- 

 lished 1888), pp. 322, 323. 



N. H. Winchell: Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, First 

 Annual Eeport, for 1872, p. 62. Popular Science Monthly, vol. iii, pp. 293, 294, 

 July, 1873. 



G. F. Wright : Proceedings Boston Society of Natural History, vol. xix, pp. 47-63, 

 Dec, 1876; vol. xx, pp. 210-220, April, 1879. The Ice Age in North America, 

 1889. 



C. H. Hitchcock: Geology of New Hampshire, vol. iii, 1878, chapter ii, p. 282, 

 etc. 



Warren Upham : Proceedings American Association for the Advancement of 

 Science, vol. xxv, for 1876, pp. 216-225. Geology of New Hampshire, vol. iii, pp. 

 3-19, 176, 285-309. "Inequality of Distribution of the Englacial Drift," Bulletin 

 Geological Society of America, vol. iii, 1892, pp. 134-148. "Criteria of Englacial 

 and Subglacial Drift," American Geologist, vol. viii, pp. 376-385, Dec, 1891. 

 "Conditions of Accumulation of Drumlins," American Geologist, vol. x, pp. 

 339-362, Dec, 1892. "Englacial Drift," American Geologist, vol. xii, pp. 36-43, 

 July, 1893. 



Otto Torell: American Journal of Science, in, vol. xiii, pp. 76-79, Jan., 1877. 



N. O. Hoist : Paper on the Origin of Eskers, published in Sweden in 1876, re- 

 viewed, with notices of Hoist's observations of englacial drift in Greenland, by 

 Dr. Josua Lindahl in American Naturalist, vol. xxii, July and Aug., 1888. 



