294 The Philippine Journal of Science 1915 
reticular structure. As a rule, only a few cells are involved in 
such a focus. The nuclei may remain apparently intact, or they 
may become fragmented and disappear. These areas of focal 
necrosis are similar to those seen in typhoid and other acute 
infections. Hemorrhages into these necrotic foci sometimes 
take place. The endothelial cells of the vessels appear swollen, 
and small fibrin threads are sometimes seen. The areas of focal 
necrosis can be found in almost every case, if several slides are 
searched for them. Lymphocytes, and occasionally polymor- 
phonuclear cells, are frequently found in the portal spaces sur- 
rounding the portal vessels. Desquamation of the epithelium in 
the bile ducts in the portal spaces is often seen. The vessels 
seldom show thrombosis. Bacilli are found, but not in as large 
numbers as in the spleen or buboes. In a few of the cases 
nodules like infarcts were found. These show large masses of 
bacilli amid necrotic liver cells with some polymorphonuclear 
leucocytes. Vascular thrombosis probably accounts for these 
changes, but we were unable definitely to associate them with 
the lesions in our cases. 
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT 
Here also the chief lesions encountered are obviously due to the 
hemorrhages. 
In 30 cases hemorrhages were noted in the mucosa of the 
stomach, and in 27 cases in the intestine. Of all hemorrhages 
on mucous membranes these are the most frequent. In some 
cases they are small and widely scattered, while in others they 
are larger and more closely packed. In the stomach they occur 
mostly on the crests of the rugz and here frequently give rise to 
superficial erosions of the mucosa. These erosions or small 
ulcers are either circular or linear in outline, following the direc- 
tion of the ruge on which they are placed. They are frequently 
multiple and may be very numerous. The circular ones vary in 
diameter from 1 to 3 or 4 millimeters, while the linear ones are 
from 0.5 to 1 centimeter in length. The larger ones frequently 
have a yellowish base and margins and are placed in the central 
part of the hemorrhagic area. Twenty of the cases showed 
these erosions of the mucosa in the stomach (Plate IV). 
A general hyperemia of the gastric mucosa without hemor- 
rhages was not infrequent, and in many cases there was an excess 
of mucus on the surface. 
In the intestine any part may be affected, and the hemorrhages 
occur with about equal frequency in the small and large intestine. 
In some cases the entire mucosa of the large intestine may be 
