1877.] Peninsida and the Indian ArcMpelago. 219 



in their language. The word ' Malay' has a wider sense ethnologically 

 than linguistically. For convenience sake the race is called Malayan, and 

 the language is called Malay. The Malay proper also, though possessing 

 considerable uniformity of physical and mental characteristics, differs in 

 civilization and language. 



** There are four great tribes, a few minor semi-civilized tribes, and a 

 number of others who are downright savages. 



" I. The Malays proper, inhabiting the Malay peninsula, and almost 

 all the coast of Borneo and Sumatra, who all speak Malay, or dialects of it, 

 are Muhammadans, and use an Arabic character. 



"II. The Javanese, who inhabit Java, part of Sumatra, Madura, of 

 Bali, and part of Lombok. They speak the kindred tongues of Javanese, 

 Madurese, Balinese, Sundanese, with a special character of Indian origin. 

 They are Muhammadans, with the exception of the inhabitants of Bali and 

 a portion of those of Lombok, who are the sole survivors of the great Hindu 

 civilization, and are Brahmanists or Buddhists. 



*' III. The Bugis or Wugis, who inhabit the greater part of the Celebes, 

 and have a settlement in the Malacca peninsula and in the island of Sum- 

 bawa. They speak the Bugi, Macassar, and other languages, and have two 

 characters of Indian origin, and are Muhammadans. 



*' IV. The Tagals, who inhabit the Philippine Islands, and are chiefly 

 Eoman Catholic Christians : the remainder are Muhammadans. They speak 

 the Tagal, Bisayan, and other languages, and use a special character. 



" The inhabitants of the Molucca Islands, the best known of which are 

 Banda, Tidor, Ternate, and Amboyna, are semi-civilized Muhammadans, 

 speak a variety of languages, unintelligible to Malays, compounded of Bugi 

 and Javanese, mixed up with the indigenous language, and have no written 

 character. 



"The less-civilized Malays are the Dhyaks of Borneo, the Battas, with 

 three dialects, the Lampungs, and Rejangs of Sumatra, the Jakuns, and 

 other Orung Binwuh (people of the country) of Malacca. All these are 

 pagans, the Battas cannibals, and some at the lowest ebb of civilization. 

 Over and above are the black woolly-haired races', one of which is found in 

 Malacca under the name of the Samang, and another of the name of Mantra, 

 described in the Bevue de Philologie, vol. i. Negritos are found also in 

 some other islands, though totally absent from Java, Sumatra, Borneo and 

 Celebes. They have survived in a state o£ 2:)aganism and barbarism. 

 Another race, called by the Portuguese Alfuros (from al fuori, the out- 

 siders), are found in the Celebes, Philippines, and the Moluccas, but are 

 quite distinct both from the brown Malay and black Negrito. 



*' This then is our subject. About fifty identified languages come 

 within, our scope. Nine great languages or groups of languag(^s worthy of 



