22Jj K. N. Oust — Languages of the Indo-OJiinese [Nov. 



correspondence with their agents in Holland concerning the printing of a 

 translation in this language. 



" We now proceed to notice the grammars and dictionaries of these 

 last four languages : — 



" Javanese. — Dictionaries : Gericke und Roorda, Javanese-Dutch ^ 

 2nd edition by Roorda, 1875 ; De Groot, out of date ; Favre, Javanese- 

 French. Grammars : De Groot, Dutch ; Favre, French ; Gericke, Dutch ; 

 Roorda, Dutch ; Roorda, Short Grammar, 1874, Dutch. 



" SuNDAT^ESE. — P. Blisse and Raden Kathavimata, Dictionary Sunda- 

 nese-Dutch ; Gerding, Dictionary Sundanese-Dutch ; J. Rigg, Dictionary 

 Sundanese-English ; Miss Coolsura, Manual of Sundanese-Dutch, 1873 ; 

 Grasshuis, Sundanese Reading-book, Dutch. 



" MADrnESE. — A. C. Vreede, Hand-book, Dutch, in two parts, and 

 Glossary, 1876. 



" Balinese. — Balinese-Dutch Dictionary, by R. Van Eck, Missionary, 

 1876 ; Balinese Grammar, by ditto, 1874. 



" There is an abundant literature,- and great interest attaches to the 

 monumental inscriptions, which the Dutch scholars are making known to 

 the public by beautiful lithographed texts and translations. 



" Like many other nations, the Javanese were found to be possessed of 

 an ancient and recondite language, in which their literature and religion is 

 enshrined. This is called Kawi, which means ' refined,' as contrasted to the 

 ' Jawi' or ordinary language. Raffles thought that it was a foreign lan- 

 guage of unknown origin, imported into the island. Crawfurd saw its 

 connexion with the Javanese, but deemed it to be a written language of the 

 priests. Friederich saw that it was not so, for Sanskrit occupied that posi- 

 tion, and that Kawi was the sacred language of the people. Von Hum- 

 boldt, by a scholar-like analysis, found that it was merely an archaic form 

 of Javanese, plentifully interlarded with Sanskrit terms. Dr. Kern, of 

 Leyden University, who is perhaps the greatest living Kawi scholar, has 

 favoured me with the following lines, which are important, as settling the 

 question : 



" ' Kawi, or more properly Old Javanese, belongs to the Polynesian 

 family, particularly to the Malayan branch. Next akin to it are Malay and 

 Sundanese ; it is the parent of modern Javanese ; it represents the language 

 as we have it from 800 to 1400 A. D., and it has largely borrowed from 

 Sanskrit, just as modern Javanese, Malay, and the Dravidian languages 

 have. The grammar is unaffected by foreign influence ; its structure and 

 genius are thoroughly Polynesian ; it is no more an artificial language than 

 English or Persian ; it is somewhat richer in forms, and more abundant in 

 pronouns than modern Javanese, but the genius and general outline survive 

 in the latter. The style of the literary work is highly elaborate and finish- 



