1877.] Peninsula and the Indian Arcldpelago. 225 



ed. In the iwetrj there is mueli descriptive power, less of feeling and 

 grandeur.' 



" When the Muhammadans occupied Java, the Hindu religion and the 

 Brahmans took refuge in the island of Bali, which has remained Hindu to 

 this day. There the treasures of Kawi literature have been found, though 

 many manuscripts are found in the island of Java also, and translations of 

 old Kawi works into modern Javanese. Grammars and dictionaries do not 

 exist, but most interesting texts are being published. The earliest and 

 most famous treatise on the subject is that by Von Humboldt already 

 alluded to. Short descriptions have been published, both by Kern and Van 

 der Tuuk, and the Dutch scholars have made the subject their own. Dr. 

 Friederich published a full account of Bali, and the late Dr. Cohen Stuart 

 has published a collection of inscriptions of great interest. The whole of 

 the literature is thoroughly Brahmanical and Buddhist, for the professors of 

 both faiths lived apparently in harmony together. It must be borne in 

 mind that both MSS. and inscriptions in pure Sanskrit are also found. 

 Original versions of the great Sanskrit epics are found in Kawi, which are 

 very important in their critical bearing on the original poems as we now 

 have them. 



" Separated by a narrow strait from Bali is the island of Lompok, but 

 at this point we leave the Shallow-Sea plateau, and enter into a new world, 

 as regards Fauna ; but the Balinese emigrant has overleaped the boundary, 

 and we find the sovereignty of the island possessed by Javanese in race, and 

 Hindus akin to the Balinese in speech. The mass of the population are 

 Sassaks, who are Muhammadans, and whose language is unintelligible to 

 their masters, though many Sassak words are found in Malay ; they have 

 no indigenous character, but use that of the Balinese, the majority neither 

 reading nor writing. Zollinger and Wallace give vocabularies. 



" Separated by a narrow strait from Lompok is the island of Sumbawa. 

 There are six separate languages ; the two most considerable are the Sum- 

 bawa and the Bima. The people are all Muhammadans, with the exception 

 of a few wild mountaineers. No indigenous character is now in use, but 

 traces have been found of an ancient and obsolete character ; the Bugi 

 character of the Celebes Island is the one adopted. The third dialect, the 

 Timoura, has kept its own numerals. Crawfurd, Leyden, Latham, and 

 Baffles supply vocabularies. 



" The large island of Floris or Eude is said to have six distinct langua- 

 ges : 1. Eude, 2. Mangarei, 3. Kio, 4. Eoka, 5. Konga, 6, Galeteng. Three 

 of them have written characters. To judge from the vocabularies of two 

 supplied by Crawfurd, there is an admixture of Malay and Javanese with 

 indigenous vocables. The inhabitants are intermediate between Malayan 

 and Papuan, and are pagans. 



