10 The President' 8 remarks on the same. [Jan., 



of civil affairs called ' LanJcya.' The senior is called UrJcu-gang, abbre- 

 viated usually to U-gang, and the junior is styled UrJcu-wah or U-wuh' 

 Both reside at Gar-toh or Gar-tod (upper Gar), also called Gar-yarsa, or the 

 summer abode (yar, ' heat ' or ' summer ') to distinguish it from Gar- 

 gnnsa, the winter abode (gun, 'cold ' or ' winter '). The first is situate on 

 the left bank of the southern branch of the Indus, and the second two or 

 three days' journey down the river further north-west. In Gar-yarsa the 

 whole population live in tents and in winter migrate to Gar-g-unsa, where 

 there are but three large and eight small houses. Under the Garpuns 

 are the Jangpuns or governors of districts, and the Makhpuns or headmen 

 of circles or groups of villages. In Guge-Purang, or as it is more gener- 

 ally called Nari, there are four Jangpuns: — (1), at Ruduk in charge of 

 the communications with Ladak : (2), at Tsaparang in Guge, in charge of 

 the communications and trade with Bisahr, Nilang and Mana : (3), at 

 Daba in Guge, in charge of those with Niti and Juhar, and (4) , at Takla- 

 khar in Purang, in charge of those with Darma and Byans, and with 

 Humla in Nepal. The four districts are : — (I) Ruduk, comprising Ruduk 

 proper on the Ladak frontier ; No, to the north of Ruduk, and the salt 

 mines in part ; (2), the divisions of Gar, and upper and lower Seng, about 

 the upper waters of the Satlaj, Gar-namru, and Tashikang; (3), Guge 

 has Daba, Tbaparang, Rong-chung and Chumurti ; and (4), Purang has 

 Bongba, Hor-ba, Kangri and Purang. Both Garpuns and Jungpuns are 

 appointed from Lhasa, and have a tenure of office for three years, after 

 which they are relieved and return to give an account of their steward- 

 ship. Besides them, there is a commissioner of revenue in charge of the 

 tea-monopoly called Lung-chung-pun, whose duty it is to assess the amount 

 of tea to be taken by each district at a fixed price ; and a contractor for 

 the gold mines called Sarpun who manages those mines. There are 

 also territorial divisions under native chiefs (Pmi) called Pun-kags of 

 which Strachey gives a list. 



In Nari there are four chief monasteries presided over by abbots of 

 the Gelukpa sect, — in Ruduk, Rabgyaling, Tholing or Thoding of the 

 paper, and Shebiling. The king Srong-tsan Gampo of the paper is also 

 an historical personage who reigned in 630-50 A. D., and was a great 

 conqueror, a religious reformer, and the pioneer of civilisation in Tibet. 

 He is one with the Chitlungstan of the Chinese annals who removed 

 his seat of government to Lhasa and married a daughter of the Emperor 

 of China. In the same annals wo find an interesting account of the 

 early history of Tibet. Hutipusiyeh was chief of the Fa-chiang, to 

 whose family belonged Fanni or Supuyeh who was a boy in 414 A. D., and 

 succeeded in establishing the nucleus of a State in 425 A. D. Amongst 

 his successors was Chitsunglungtsan or Chitlungstan, also called Chisa- 



