64 Address. [Feb., 



movement of interest that is not reflected in these lists, and they indi- 

 cate more clearly than anything else the infhiences and aspirations at 

 work, at least amongst the educated ; so that their record may, perhaps, 

 be taken as the measure of the mental activity in any given direction. 



Madras. — In Madras, the yearly issues average about 1000 chiefly in 

 Tamil, Telugu, and Malayalim. During the first quarter of 1886, there 

 were 249 publications, of which 16 were English ; 41 Tamil ; 21 Telugu ; 

 18 Malayalim ; 2 Kanarese ; and 8 Hindustani, besides others in Sanskrit, 

 Arabic, Konkani, Badagu, Kurgi, and Tulu, and periodicals in several 

 languages. In Tamil, besides grammars and anthologies, we have nu- 

 merous religious works in praise of Vinayaka, Subramaniya, Parvati, 

 and other Saiva deities, also translations into Tamil from Sanskrit. The 

 Telugu series comprise reprints of the Telugu Bhagavat, educational 

 works, and, notably, translations from Kalidasa's works. There are also 

 some essays on social subjects and novels, one of which is designed to 

 urge the necessity of female education. The publications in Malayalim. 

 are almost entirely sectarian and in the Mopla dialect and Arabic cha- 

 racter. They are chiefly devoted to the praise of the great saints and 

 Ghazis who are held in estimation by the Musalman Moplas in Madras. 

 The Tamil and Telugu publications show that considerable impetus 

 has been given to literary pursuits of late years, and that much progress 

 has been made in adapting those languages to the necessities of the 

 higher objects now aimed at. 



Bombay. — The average annual issues in the Bombay Presidency may 

 be set down at about 2000, of which about 400 represent periodical litera- 

 ture. In the first quarter of 1886, there were 497 entries, of which 69 only 

 were periodicals, and of the remainder only 80 educational. The lan- 

 guages were English (14), Marathi (115), Gujarati (111), Sanskrit (45), 

 besides Arabic, Arabic- Sindhi, Persian, Urdu, Kanarese, Hindi, Brij, 

 Marwari, and bilingual and others (79). Amongst the Marathi publi- 

 cations, we may notice translations from Sanskrit and a number of 

 original dramas, besides poetry, essays, and novels. The poets Tukaram 

 and Ramdas appear to hold a high place in popular estimation, and wo 

 have from native sources some account of their life and works. Amongst 

 social subjects, widow-remarriage, infant-marriages, forest-conservancy, 

 and the burlesque of Western habits exhibited by some zealous reformers 

 are prominent : whilst there is a journal devoted entirely to tales ori- 

 ginal and translated, and Durga Prasada's valuable Kdvyamdla. In Gu- 

 jarati, besides translations of Parsi religious works and Jaina treatises, we 

 have a translation of Don Quixote, which has been favourably reviewed 

 by the vernacular press. I may mention here that the notes of the Bom- 

 bay recorder are more descriptive than those of any other Province. 



