18 Mr. W. J. Hamilton and Mr. H. E. Strickland, on the Geology of 



a nearly level plain (PL III. Sec. 4), drained by tributaries of the Meeander, which 

 flow in narrow ravines, deeply denuded in the lacustrine limestone, and discover- 

 able only on a close approach. A remarkable case of the kind occurs near the 

 town of Gobek. Here, a vast ravine, at least 600 feet in depth, is surrounded by 

 cliffs of limestone in horizontal strata. At the bottom flows a meandering stream, 

 probably the " Kopli-sou " of Tavernier. The time-worn cliffs resemble an as- 

 semblage of towers, castles and cathedrals, and present a scene which can hardly 

 be depicted by the pencil or the pen. 



In the more southern portion of this plain, where the formations have been cut 

 through by the Mseander, the Banas-chai and the Kopli-sou, the subjacent beds of 

 micaceous and argillaceous schists and crystalline marble of Mount Messogis, 

 together with intermediate beds of sand and gravel, which everywhere underlie 

 the lacustrine limestone, are well exposed along the borders of the ancient lake. 



We found the following organic remains near Kalinkese, in the central part of 

 this basin (lat. 38° 30') : 



1. Limnaea, apparently the same as No. 2 in the Azani list (p. 17). 



2. Planorbis, No. 5 



3. Paludina, No. 9 



4. Minute seeds of Chara (" Gyrogonites"). 



(k.) Basin of the Catacecaumene (lat. 38° 35'). — The tertiary deposits in this basin, 

 consist of horizontal beds of white limestone passing downwards (in the northern 

 part of the basin) into volcanic tufa. The limestones have been deeply denuded 

 by the Hermus and its tributaries, and now form a series of lofty plateaux, fre- 

 quently capped by tabular masses of basalt, which will be described hereafter, 

 p. 29 (PI. III. Sec. 6, and Sketch No. 11.) 



About nine miles south of Simaul (lat. 39° 5', long. 29° 5') the following section 

 in descending order, of the horizontal tufaceous beds, was noticed : 



a. Hard, volcanic tuff, slightly crystalline, with boulders and pebbles of trap, and 



numerous concretions of green marl 12 feet. 



b. Soft, earthy, yellowish tufa, with small fragments of pumice 10 — 



c. A hard crystalline bed, which, but for its stratification, might be taken for a 



slightly decomposed igneous rock 



These tufaceous beds are capped with white limestone, from beneath which they 

 crop out in many places in the sides of the ravines. They rest unconformably on 

 beds of secondary sandstone, as is shown in the wood-cut at p. 11 . At the point 

 where that section occurs, seven miles N.E. of Selendi (lat. 38° 45'), the lower 

 part of the tufa, resting upon the sandstone, consists of a conglomerate with 

 large masses and boulders of quartz, greenstone, and other primary and igneous 



