the Western Part of Asia Minor. 25 



Further down, on approaching Ghiediz, several masses of igneous rock jut out 

 amidst the lacustrine hmestone. The most remarkable case appears at Ghiediz. 

 (PI. III., Sec. 4 and 9, Sketch 10.) This singularly situated town lies in a deep ra- 

 vine, furrowed in the lacustrine limestone. On the lower side, the ravine is blocked 

 up by a conical rock of compact and amygdaloidal basalt, containing green earth 

 and augite, about 150 feet high, and riven to its base by a deep and gloomy 

 fissure, the width of which, at the bottom, does not exceed two yards. This fissure 

 affords an exit for the rivulet which descends the valley, and which would other- 

 wise form a lake on the spot where the town stands. 



On the north side, this basaltic mass has sent forth a coulee of columnar, amyg- 

 daloidal basalt about ten feet thick, resting conformably on beds of sand and 

 gravel containing rolled pebbles of trachyte. (See Sec. 4 and 9.) This basaltic 

 coulee may belong to a more recent period. 



We regret, that our short stay at Ghiediz prevented our determining the 

 relations of this volcanic mass to the surrounding lacustrine limestone. It is 

 probably posterior to the lacustrine strata, for the latter contain no traces of vol- 

 canic matter. The beds of sand and gravel underlying the coulee were perhaps a 

 local alluvium of the same date as the great lacustrine formations*. 



(/.) Trachytic rocks of Gunay (lat. 38° 53') (PL III. fig. 4).— These rise in the 

 midst of the hills of secondary sandstone between Ghiediz and Hushak, about eight 

 miles south of the Hermus. On the east side of the village of Gunay are some sin- 

 gular varieties of volcanic opal or pitchstone ; and on the west is a well-defined 

 coule'e of grey trachyte with large crystals of felspar, which has flowed from the 

 focus of eruption above, down a small valley in the sandstone hills. 



(g.) Trachytic hills east of Takmak (lat. 38° 26', long. 29° 8'). — This is a con- 

 siderable cluster of abrupt conical hills standing at the western extremity of the 

 plain of Hushak, and visible from the eastward at a great distance. We passed 

 through them in going from Gobek to Takmak. This eruption of volcanic matter 

 must have taken place anterior to the lacustrine formation of Hushak, for the 

 gravel beds of that deposit, which abut against these hills on the east side, contain 

 many boulders of trachyte mixed with pebbles of schistose rocks. 



The hills are chiefly composed of trachyte of various colours, occurring either 

 en masse or in angular fragments imbedded in a tufaceous paste. About four 

 miles west of Karadja Achmet Kieui, is a patch of stratified marl, sandstone and 

 clay, enveloped and surrounded by the trachytic rocks. The beds are altered into 

 the condition of quartz rock and Lydian stone. 



(Ji.) The Catacecaumene (lat. 28° 30'). — The volcanic phsenomena from which this 



* In the Sections and Sketches, PI. III., we have thought it best to colour this basaltic mass like the 

 basalt o( the first period in the Catacecaumene. 



VOL. VI. SECOND SERIES. E 



