the Western Part of Asia Minor. 27 



Smyrna, it has the appearance of being stratified, and dips to the north. In its range 

 towards the north, the colour passes from red to grey : and the appearance of stra- 

 tification is marked partly by colour and partly by cleavage. The trachyte is in 

 contact with the blue marble, which it has elevated and shattered. 



in.) Boodroom, anc. Halicarnassus flat. 37°). — About five miles to the S.W. of 

 Boodroom is a lofty conical hill called Chifoot Kaleh, or Jew's Castle, nearly 1000 

 feet high, which rises directly from the sea. It consists of a reddish felspathic 

 trachyte. The greater part of the promontory of Karabaghla, to the west of it, is 

 composed of the same rock, as well as the islets of the coast. The hills between 

 Chifoot Kaleh and Boodroom consist chiefly, if not entirely, of trachytic and 

 pumiceous conglomerate, and horizontally stratified beds of volcanic sand, the 

 contained fragments being generally angular, and varying in size and character. 



§ 4. Modern Volcanic Rocks. 

 (PI. n. and PI. III., Sec. 4, 6 to 9, and also Sketches 10 to 13.) 



The only part of Western Asia Minor where pheenomena strictly analogous to 

 those of active volcanos are exhibited, is in that district of Lydia known anciently 

 by the name of Catacecaumene, or the Burnt Country*. (See Map, PL II.) We 

 term these volcanic products modern, from the relation they bear to the other for- 

 mations of the country ; but it is certain that, compared with human history, their 

 antiquity must be very great. No record of the activity of these volcanos existed 

 in the time of Strabo, who however rightly infers their igneous origin from the 

 phsenomena which they present. Indeed, these phaenomena are so striking as to 

 excite the attention of every beholder, and feed the superstition of the ignorant ; 

 and we accordingly find, that the ancient inhabitants laid the scene of Typhon's 

 exploits in this region, while the modern Turks refer these mounds of cinders to 

 the agency of Sheitan. 



The Catacecaumene is described in a previous part of this paper (p. 18), as a 

 tertiary lacustrine basin, surrounded by hills of schistose rocks. It is drained by 

 the Hermus, which escapes at Adala through a narrow gorge in the schistose for- 

 mation, the closing of which to a sufficient height would again convert tlie upper 

 country into a lake. Numerous volcanic eruptions have taken place among the 

 older rocks, which formed the southern margin of the basin; and streams of lava, 

 flowing from these foci, have overspread the lacustrine deposits. 



* Strabo has considerably overrated the extent of this volcanic district, in giving it a length of 500 

 stadia, and a breadth of 400. Its real length is about eighteen or nineteen miles, and its breadth seven 

 or eight, if we do not include the lava-stream which has flowed down the valley of the Hermus to Adala, 

 which would increase the length to about ten miles more. 



E 2 



