the Western Part of Asia Minor. 31 



3rd period. — The volcanic cones of both the second and third periods have been 

 poured forth since the excavation of the valleys in the lacustrine formation ; but 

 their diversity, in point of age, is marked no less by the order of superposition 

 than by the great difference in their state of preservation. The cones of the 

 second period were described as being low and rounded in form, and covered with 

 vegetation. Those of the third period, on the contrary, have all the features of vol- 

 canos now in action. They rise at an angle of 30° or 32°, and the ashes and 

 scoriae which compose them, are so loose as to render the ascent laborious. A. few 

 straggling shrubs and plants are the only vegetation which they produce ; and the 

 lava which has flowed from them, is as rugged and barren as the latest products of 

 Etna or Vesuvius. 



The volcanos of this third period are only three in. number, and are nearly equal 

 in size (PI. II. and PI. III. Sec. 7). They stand in a nearly straight line from W. 

 by N. to E. by S., and at the distance of about six miles from each other*. It is 

 remarkable, that each of them rises in the centre of one of the small alluvial plains 

 which alternate with the three schistose ridges before-described, therein differing 

 from the cones of the second period, all of which stand upon or near those ridges. 

 We will describe them in the order in which they stand in the Section, No. 7. 



The easternmost of these three cones is about a mile and a half N.N.E. of the 

 town of Koola. Nothing can be more striking than the appearance of this town 

 as viewed from the schistose ridge to the eastward. ''See PL II., PI. III., sketch 

 No. 12 ; also No. 11.) On the right of the sketch, No. 12, is the cone of scoriae 

 and ashes, about 520 feet in height, denominated by the Turks Kara-dewit, or the 

 " Black inkstand." An immense sea of black and rugged lava has flowed from its 

 base, and spread over the surrounding plain. This eruption has formed a dam 

 across the valley of Koola, and by stopping the natural drainage, has caused a 

 marsh, which in wet weather is increased into a lake. To avoid the risk of in- 

 undation from this source, the town of Koola has been built upon the extremity of 

 the lava-current, and is thus raised 15 or 20 feet above the plain. 



The cone of Karadewit consists of scoricE and ashes, principally of a reddish co- 

 lour. On its north side is a small but very well-preserved crater ; and a vast number 

 of small conical hillocks of scoriae have been thrown up amidst the lava which 

 surrounds its northern base. The lava from this volcano flowed southward as far 

 as Koola ; but the larger portion of it descended in a northerly direction to the 

 Hermus, which river has evidently been diverted from its course, and now makes 



* These three craters are evidently alluded to by Strabo in his description of the Catacecaumene ;- 

 AeiKyvvTni Se /cat j3(idpoL rpeis, ovs (pvaas KaXovffir, oaov reTrapaKOVTa dWjjXwc diearwrei aradtuvs. 



