82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [June 3, 



Mammoth as his pasture-ground, if we were to accept the determi- 

 nations of all those who have written on the remains of Elephas pri- 

 migenius. The duration, too, of this nominal species in time is 

 equally remarkable, so considered ; since, as it has been quoted from 

 the lower and the upper pliocene beds, as well as from the post- 

 pliocene glacial gravels, it ought to have existed before the European 

 area received its present geographical form, and indeed before the 

 Alps, Apennines, and Pyrenees reached their present elevation. 



After noticing the difficulty met with by the geologist in the 

 classification of the newer Tertiaries, on account of this supposed 

 ubiquitous presence of the Mammoth, the author proceeded to show 

 that several species, belonging to two distinct subgenera, have been 

 generally confounded under the name of Elephas primigenius ; and 

 that each had its limited range in geographical area and geological 

 time. 



The present condition of the nomenclature of the subject, and the 

 history of the established species of European fossil Elephants *, 

 namely E. (Loxod.) meridionalis, E. (Loxod.) priscus, E. (Eueleph.) 

 antiquus, and E. (Eueleph.) primigenius, preceded an explanation of 

 the principles on which the species are determined, and a description 

 of the dental characters by which the Elephants are divisible into sub- 

 genera, — a succinct account of which was given in the former part of 

 theMemoir(vol.xiii.p.462). The "intermediate molars" in Elephants 

 have never less than six divisions of the crown, and sometimes as many 

 as eighteen. These molars have not all an equal number of ridges: 

 some Elephants have an augmentation of only one ridge to the crown 

 of the penultimate of these molars; these are " hypisomerous," 

 namely Stegodon and Loxodon ; others, in which the number of the 

 ridges progressively increases, are "anisomerous," and form a third 

 natural group, namely the Euelephas or Elephas proper. The Stego- 

 don has four species, fossil in India ; and approaches the Mastodon 

 in the form of the molars. The Loxodon includes the existing African 

 Elephant and three fossil species, and is characterized by its distinct 

 rhomboid al discs of wear on the grinders. Euelephas has thin-plated 

 molars ; but in some species there are intermediate stages, as regards 

 the angular mesial expansion of the plates, between it and Loxodon. 



Dr. Falconer next proceeded to review some well-ascertained mam- 

 malian faunas localized in certain parts of Europe, where the con- 

 ditions of deposit are most simple, and to apply the results to the 

 more complex instances, where the remains of more than one distinct 

 fauna are intermingled, or so closely deposited as to be too readily 

 confused by collectors. With this view, the author instanced the 

 Subapennine or pliocene deposits of the Astesan, and elsewhere in 

 Piedmont and Lombardy, where M. (Trilophodon) Borsoni, M. (Te- 

 tralophodon) arvernensis, E. (Loxodon) meridionalis, E. (Loxod.) 

 priscus, and E. (Euelephas) antiquus, with Rhinoceros leptorhinus, 

 Hippopotamus major, &c, are found associated together. In the 

 Subapennine beds of the Val d' Arno, in Tuscany, M. (Tetralophodon) 

 arvernensis and E. (Loxodon) meridionalis occur with the same Hip- 



* See the Tabular Synopsis, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xiii. p. 319. 



