1857.] BAILY FOSSILS FROM THE CRIMEA. 133 



a level of 50 feet or more above that of the Mediterranean. These 

 beds cover immediately the Jurassic limestones without the interven- 

 tion of any other tertiaries, and may probably be regarded as raised 

 beaches. 



The true raised beaches of sand, pebbles, and angular fragments, 

 chiefly of slate-rock, are well exhibited close to Malaga on the east, 

 and at various points between Malaga and Almeria, both on the cliffs 

 where they approach the sea, and up the arroyos or water-courses to 

 the point where these enter the more abrupt and mountainous country 

 behind. Their elevation varies, but often exceeds 60 feet. The 

 nature of these deposits, and the causes to which they are due, are 

 considered by the author to offer matter for careful study in connec- 

 tion with the phenomena of denudation generally in all parts of the 

 world. 



8. The author then alluded to the economic geology of the dis- 

 trict under consideration. It contains copper-ores, some of them 

 argentiferous, but generally with too little silver to increase the value 

 of the ore. These occur in bunches, and with few exceptions have 

 not been worked to profit. They are confined to the schists. Lead- 

 ores have been worked for centuries in the Sierra de Gador, and 

 more recently in the adjacent limestone on the north side of the 

 Sierra Nevada. These ores are galena and carbonate of lead, with 

 little or no silver ; but galena with antimony-ore occurs near Mar- 

 bella, and lead-ores have been worked in the dolomite of the Sierra 

 di Mijas. Iron-ore in vast abundance, and of admirable quality, is 

 also obtained from behind Marbella. Building-materials of fine qua- 

 lity, both limestones and sandstones, are readily procurable near 

 Malaga, the former from the Jurassic, cretaceous, and older tertiary 

 series, the latter from the calamite-grit. Good lime is procurable to 

 any extent, and at moderate price, from the Jurassic limestone. Good 

 brick-clay, and fine clays for pottery, from which is manufactured 

 the delicate terra-cotta figures for which Malaga is celebrated, are 

 procured from the newer tertiary beds of the Tejares and others in 

 the plains of the Guadalmedina. White sands for glass-making and 

 other purposes are taken from the triassic beds near the calamite-bed. 

 Gypsum of fair quality is found abundantly in large lenticular masses 

 in the sandstones underlying the Jurassic limestones, both near Ma- 

 laga and near the Sierra Nevada. 



4. Descriptions of Fossil Invertebrata from the Crimea.* 

 By William H. Baily, Esq., F.G.S., of the Geological Survey 

 of Great Britain. 



[Plates VIII., IX., X.] 



The specimens described in this communication were principally 

 collected by Capt. C. F. Cockburn, of the Royal Artillery, who has 

 also supplied the Note on the Geology of the Neighbourhood of 

 Sevastopol, which is appended to this paper. 



* An abstract of this communication was read at the British Association Meet- 

 ing, August 1856. 



