1102 ON THE CARENIDKS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES, 
the flattened space towards the apex of the lower side of the 
anterior tibiae ; “inferior ridge,” for the spinous ridge of the lower 
side of the anterior tibiae ; and “ exterior ridge,” for the denti- 
culated portion of the outer edge of the anterior tibiae above the 
large external teeth, have been proposed by the Rev. T. Blackburn, 
who contributes a study of the anterior tibiae of the genus 
Carenuin in Trans. Roy. Soc. S.A. Vol. X. (1887), p. 53. He 
attributes considerable value to the apical plate and inferior 
ridge from a classiflcatory point oE view, but the exterior 
ridge he regards merely as useful in describing a species. In 
these conclusions he is undoubtedly right ; the apical plate and 
inferior ridge differ considerably in species that belong to genera 
not closely related, but I am unable to indicate exactly these 
differences. In Carenum (using the term in a wide sense) the 
inferior ridge is a good way to determine the affinity of the 
various divisions — thus in Calliscapterus and its allies the inferior 
lidge reaches to the tarsus, in Carenum it extends hardly so far, 
reaching only to between the two large external teeth, while in 
Carenidium, tfec., it is altogether weaker ; these three forms shade 
into one another through the numerous sub-genera. I have found 
these terms useful, and shall adopt them in the following descrip- 
tions. The end of the apical plate often ends in a spur or tooth, 
which extends sharply downwards below the tarsus ; this tooth I 
regard as a valuable character for classification. 
I have made use of various ))unctures as aids in arranging the 
genera and species ; these are — (1) the punctures above the eyes, 
or supra-orbital punctures, (2) those of the margins of the pro- 
thorax, and (3) that near the apex of the anterior femora on the 
lower and inner side. The fii-st two of these features are recognised 
as of value in arranging the Carabidse, but, as far as I know, the 
inner apical femoral puncture has not been used befoi'e. I find 
its presence invariable in that branch of the Carenides in 
which I have used it ; while it is also present in all the species 
