president’s address. 
1803 
sandstones with remains of Reptiles, Epicamfodon and Dicynodon, 
and Labyrinthodouts, Pachygonia, Gonioglyptus and Glyptognatlms, 
The flora still bears a general resemblance to that of the older 
beds, but also presents Thinnfeldia, Odontopteroidea, aud Cyclop- 
teris. 
The base of the upper Gondwanas is formed by the Rajmahal 
Beds. In these a quite different flora suddenly appears. In the 
former “more than one half the species are ferns with simple 
individual fronds and anastomosing venation,” i.e., are of the 
Glossopteris type. In the latter, Cycads become far more abundant 
than any other plants and are associated with Araucarites, 
Cunninghamites, etc. The Ferns are also of a later type, as Glei- 
chenia, Dichsonia, Macrotoeniopteris, Asplenites, &c. Eguisetum and 
Lycopodites also occur. So far as appears from a comparison of the 
fossils with those of Europe, the flora would be classed as Rhmtic. 
The Kota-Maleri beds which succeed contain Hyperodapedon ; the 
arnphicoslian crocodiles Parasuchus, Belodon and Thecodontosaurus; 
Pachygonia, Mastodonsaurus and other undetermined Labyrintho- 
donts ; Ceratodiis, Lepidotus, Tetragonolepis and Dapedius. Here 
the Ganoid Fishes are Liassic, but Ceratodus extends from 
Permian to Jurassic. 
The uppermost beds of the Upper Gondwanas, found at Cutch and 
about the mouth of the Godavari, contain species of plants found 
also in the Lower Oolite of England, with Glossopteris and 
Sagenopteris, while the marine beds contain mollusca, as has 
been before said, of Cretaceo-Jurassic age. Thus far Waagen has 
been mainly quoting Blanford : What follows is his own, drawn 
from the authorities mentioned above. 
The Karoo formation in S. Africa, bears a singular resemblance 
to the Indian Gondwanas. It is composed of about 7000 feet in 
thickness of .sandstones, resting (uricomformalfly) mainly on the 
(proliably) Carboniferous Table-mountain Sandstones, (wliich are 
related — as I understand the author — to Lepidodeudron beds at 
Grahamstown and elsewliere), but partly also ou the underlying 
Devonian. The lowest or Ecca beds (ecjuivalents of the Tulchirs 
