PRESIDENT S ADDRESS. 
1807 
water beds alternate, the plant remains are Jurassic in type, 
wliile the marine fauna in the African and Indian formations are 
Neocoraian and Tithonian, in the Australian upper Carboniferous. 
But a key to the problem is afforded in the Salt Range, which 
exliibits a succession of beds, from the Devonian to the Eocene, 
without any important gaps. Here is found, according to Dr. 
Waagen, whose views, however, have been much combatted by 
other Indian Geologists, a great boulder formation of evidently 
glacial origin, ascribed in part to vast glaciers descending from 
the Arvali and partly to swollen rivers bearing drift ice from the 
south-east. These boulder beds lie immediately beneath Permian 
strata, and contain in gx’eat. abundance Gonularia Icevigata, C. 
tenuistriata, Aviculopecten lunceformis, &c. [It is strongly main- 
tained by (Jldham and Wynne that these specimens are rolled 
pebbles, and belong to an older formation.] 
“ According to all the laws of Synchronism,” our author 
concludes, “there can be no great doubt that the Glacial 
formations of the Salt Range are to be regarded as approximately 
contemporaneous with tho.se of Australia, in which the same fauna 
occurs.” “ In Australia we have xinrpie.stionably lower car- 
boniferous deposits as their foundation. In the Salt Range we 
have beds of undoubted Permian age overlying them directly.” 
Hence, he concludes, it follows that the Glacial period in question 
was concurrent with the formation of the upper coal measures 
in the Northern Hemisphere, and that in Australia, India, and 
Africa the flora had already assumed a Meso/.oic type, while the 
f.auna was still Palieozoic. 
Now this flora, both in Australia and Africa, replaces all at 
once the older carboniferous flora of Calamites and Lepidoden- 
droids, plants which evidently wi.*re unalile to live under the 
lower temperatures to which they had liecome exposed. But this 
increa.se of severity did not occur in northern climat(fs, and there, 
con.sxMjuently, the same luxuriant and delicate vegetation which 
had l>een killed off in these southern regions continuful to flourish 
for long ages of geological time, diminishing at last under 
