122 S.MITH.SOXIAX MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS \0L. 68 



were constructefl, but inequalities in the base were built up with Hat 

 stones to the level of the lowest courses. The stones used were of 

 different sizes, well trimmed b\' means of stone im])lements. The 

 walls remain fairly stable, notwithstanding- the foundations on which 

 they rest are very uneven. 



The cliff-dwelling;s and pueblos of the .Mesa \'erde Xational Park 

 belong architecturally to the '" jnire ty]je," the characteristic of which 

 is a compact pueblo with a circular kiva with mural banfjuettes and 

 ])ilasters that formerly supported a vaidted roof, a ventilator with 

 air passage and deflector, and generally a ceremonial flo(jr opening 

 called the sif^apii. The same type of kiva has been observed in the 

 great consolidated ])ueblos of the Chaco and the clift'-dwellings in 

 the Chelly Canyon. Dr. I'rudden. Dr. Kidder, and Mr. Morley have 

 recorded this type from ruins in Montezuma \'alley and the AIcMlmo- 

 Yellow Jacket and Montezuma Canyon regions, and Dr. Fewkes 

 discovered last summer that it occurs in several ])Ueljlos ot the 

 Hovenweej) district. The existence of this form of kiva beyond 

 the limits of the Mesa X'erde marks the extension of the prehistoric 

 area it characterizes. 



Three groups of large, well-preserved liuildings illustrating most 

 of the types of the ^'ellow Jacket district occur between 40 and 50 

 miles from Dolores in a limited area which Dr. bewkes suggests be 

 made by proclamation a Xatifjnal monument, to be known as the 

 Ilovenweep Xational Monument. Idiese grou])S are as follows: i. 

 Cluster at the head of S(|uare Tower ( Ruin) Can}()n (figs. 121. 122 

 and 123 ) ; 2. ! lolly Canyon group (figs. 124, 125 and 126) ; 3. black- 

 berry (branch of Hridge) Canyon cluster (fig. 127). The three 

 regions lie a few miles apart, not far from where the ^'elbnv Jacket 

 empties into the McElmo, near the Utah-Colorado State line. The 

 structure of the well-preserved buildings in these groups enables us 

 to interpret the probable appearance of the buildings, now mounds, 

 in the Montezuma \alley. 



In the first-mentioned cluster there are 11 dift'erent buildings 

 within a radius of half a mile. ( )ne of these, Hovenweep Castle, 

 ( fig. 128 ), has walls that measure (>() feet long and 20 feet high. This 

 building has, in addition .to towers and great rooms, two circular 

 kivas on the east end. identical in construction with those of Far 

 \'iew House on the Mesa \ erde. 



Some of the so-called towers, as figure 130, have single, others 

 niulti])le, chambers, and are generally two or three stories high. Their 

 shapes are rectangular, circular, semicircular. D-shaped or oval. 



