NO. 6 SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, I92O IO7 



each sort of expedition having its songs; and (2) the rain-making 

 ceremonies, inchiding the manufacture of tizwin. In connection with 

 the latter a visit was made to Santa Rosa, at the extreme north of the 

 reservation, where a tizwin camp and lodge were photographed. .\ 

 specimen of the cactus syrup used in making tizwin was obtained, as 

 well as a large basket which had been used in serving this wine. 



Many sites of legendary or geographic interest were photographed, 

 Miss Densmore travelling more than 360 miles by auto on this trip. 



The most important result of this expedition was the hearing of a 

 form of three-part music at a Papago dance. This was said to be a 

 native musical custom. So near an approach to polyphonic music has 

 not been hitherto observed by Miss Densmore and the subject will 

 receive further investigation. 



OZARK CAVES AND MOUNDS IN MISSOURI 

 During the summer of 1919 the work of cave exploration in the 

 Ozark region was continued by Mr. Gerard Fowke, for the Bureau 

 of American Ethnology. Almost his entire time was given to a 

 thorough examination of two large caves in Pulaski County\ The 

 first, known as ]\Iiller's cave, is three miles northeast of Big Piney 

 postofiice. The opening is in the vertical face of a high cliff fronting 

 Big Piney River, with a steep talus slope beginning 30 feet below the 

 floor of the cave and extending to the water's edge. The perpen- 

 dicular wall below, with a projecting ledge which forms the roof, 

 prevents a direct entrance, and the interior can be approached only 

 through another cave whose opening is in a ravine near by. A narrow 

 pas.sage, barely large enough to admit a man in a crawling or crouch- 

 ing position, connects the two, and it is only through this that access 

 can be gained to the main cave. The inmates were absolutely safe 

 from molestation, as one man could defend this opening against any 

 number. A little stream flowing along the foot of the east side of the 

 cavern ensured a supply of water at all times: game was plentiful in 

 the neighborhood: the river abounded in fish; and fertile. k\cl 

 bfHtom lands, easily cultivated, on either sidt- <if the stream I'urnished 

 much corn anrl other farm products. 



A ditch and enbankment across an isthmus guarded a ijcninsul:'. 

 on the oijjjosite side of the river, and on both sides low house mounds 

 and abunrlant debris furnished prof>f of two large village sites. 

 Whether there was any connection between the villages and the cave 

 dwellers cannot be determined. 



A bed of clean, pure ashes wliose depth ranged from 3 to ()h feet, 

 according to the irregularities of the clay, was found in the cave 



