REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I907 



217 



each segment; and on these same abdominal segments on the dor- 

 sum, but not extending down on the sides, there are transverse bands 

 of scurfiness differentiated from the general pubescence, in corre- 

 sponding positions. The dorsum is covered with close set pubes- 

 cence, greenish brown in color with an interrupted middorsal row 

 of alternating paler dots and cross marks. 



The respiratory disk of the larva [fig. lo] is channelled on 

 the median line, with sloping sides that fold together when 

 under water. Its border is fringed with short hairs, and is 

 destitute of fleshy tubercles. The spiracles are oval. Four 

 retractile fleshy anal gills are protruded for respiration under 

 water, when the disk is closed. 



The pupa, withdrawn from its tube [fig. 9] is smooth and 

 shining, pale brownish on ends, and measures 8 mm in length 

 and 1.5 mm in diameter. The front of the thorax is upcurved 



dorsally. The respiratory processes of the 

 prothorax are broad, laterally flattened, 

 obtuse at apex and each bears a basal re- 

 curved sharp hook on its dorsal side. The 

 numerous minute divisions of the spiracu- 

 lar orifice are arranged in a semicircular 

 row along the obtuse tip of the process. 

 The dorsum of the thorax shows a faint 

 fretwork of raised lines on its surface. 

 The abdomen is smooth, but bears transverse lines of scurfy 

 pubescence in positions corresponding to those already de- 

 scribed for the larvae. The abdomen terminates in a pair of 

 stout, sharp recurved hooks. 



In all- the pupae found except a few of the oldest, that were 

 nearly ready for transformation, there were chitin tubes protruding 

 from the spiracles of the middle abdominal segments. These were 

 the linings of the larval tracheae, not wholly withdrawn from the 

 spiracles. It is possible that these may serve a respiratory function 

 for a pupa provided otherwise with only aerial respiratory ap- 

 paratus yet living within the reach of the higher waves: that is to 

 say, they may possibly act as do the tube gills of the Simulium 

 pupa, obtaining oxygen from the water flowing over them. In 

 that case both larva and pupa w^ould be amphibious in respiratory 

 habits. 



Venation of the wings of Tipulidae 



The framework of the wing of a crane fly consists of six, seven 

 or eight longitudinal veins, that are joined together at base and apex 

 by a few cross veins. These principal veins are free in their middle 



